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BHK Labs Measurements: Hegel Music Systems H360 DAC-Integrated Amplifier

Details
Parent Category: Products
Category: Amplifier Measurements

All amplifier measurements are performed independently by BHK Labs. All measurement data and graphical information displayed below are the property of the SoundStage! Network and Schneider Publishing Inc. Reproduction in any format is not permitted.

Measurements were taken at 120V AC line voltage with both channels driven, and on both channels using balanced inputs. Unless otherwise noted, all results cited are for the left channel. The integrated amplifier reference volume setting was 500mV input (5W/8-ohm power output).

Power output

  • Output power at 1% THD+N: 231.1W @ 8 ohms, 468.3 @ 4 ohms
  • Output power at 10% THD+N: 281.3W @ 8 ohms, 564.7W @ 4 ohms

Additional data

  • This amplifier does not invert polarity.
  • AC line current draw at idle: 1.02A, 0.63PF, 78.0W
  • Gain: output voltage divided by input voltage
    •      Unbalanced inputs: 44.5X, 33.0dB
    •      Balanced inputs:  44.5X, 33.0dB 
  • Input sensitivity for 1W output into 8 ohms
    •      Unbalanced inputs: 43.5mV
    •      Balanced inputs: 43.5mV
  • Output impedance @ 50Hz: 0.015 ohm
  • Input impedance @ 1kHz
    •      Unbalanced inputs: 6.7k ohms
    •      Balanced inputs: 9.7k ohms
  • Output noise, reference conditions, balanced inputs, termination 600 ohms, Lch/Rch
    •      Wideband: 0.561mV/0.580mV, -74.1dBW/-73.8dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.0745mV/0.0862mV, -91.6dBW/-90.3 dBW
  • Output noise, reference conditions, unbalanced inputs, termination 1k ohm, Lch/Rch
    •      Wideband: 0.546mV/0.569mV, -74.3dB/-73.9dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.0706mV/0.0803mV, -92.1dBW/-90.4dBW
  • Output noise, 8-ohm load, volume at maximum, balanced inputs, termination 600 ohms, Lch/Rch
    •      Wideband: 0.652mV/0.707mV, -72.4dBW/-72.0dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.155mV/0.141mV, -87.8dBW/-86.1dBW
  • Output noise, 8-ohm load, volume at maximum, unbalanced inputs, termination 1k ohm, Lch/Rch
    •      Wideband: 0.410mV/0.457mV, -76.8dBW/-75.8dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.0618mV/0.0784mV, -93.2dBW/-91.1dBW
  • Output noise, 8-ohm load, volume at minimum, balanced inputs, termination 600 ohms, Lch/Rch
    •      Wideband: 0.403dBW/0.422mV, -76.9dBW/-76.5dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.0533mW/0.0655mV, -94.5dBW/-92.7dBW
  • Output noise, 8-ohm load, volume at minimum, unbalanced inputs, termination 1k ohm, Lch/Rch
    •      Wideband: 0.405mV/0.422mV, -76.9dBW/-75.5dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.0533mV/0.0645mV, -94.5dBW/-92.8dBW

Measurements summary

The H360 DAC-integrated amplifier builds on the success of Hegel’s H300, adding network-playing capability and AirPlay. The power outputs of the two models are similar.

Chart 1 shows the frequency response of the H360 with varying impedance loads. The output impedance is low enough that there was negligible variation with the NHT dummy speaker load.

Chart 2 illustrates how the H360’s total harmonic distortion plus noise (THD+N) vs. power varies for 1kHz and SMPTE intermodulation test signals and amplifier output for 8- and 4-ohm loads.

Chart 3 plots the THD+N as a function of frequency at several different power levels. As the power level is increased, the increase in distortion with frequency is quite pronounced.

The H360’s damping factor vs. frequency is shown in Chart 4. Like the H300, the H360 shows a typical decrease as the frequency increases, but with a surprising decrease at low frequencies. Perhaps Hegel has discovered something by having this characteristic -- that it possibly improves the sound?

A spectrum of the harmonic distortion and noise residue of a 10W, 1kHz test signal is plotted in Chart 5. The AC-line harmonics are low but relatively complex. The signal harmonics are dominated by the third harmonic, with second and higher harmonics of decreasing magnitude.

Some key measurements were taken of the H360’s digital section. The Coax 1 input was fed a full-scale, 0dBFS digital signal and the main amplifier outputs were set as close to 5W/8 ohms as possible with the volume control. At a sample rate of 192kHz, the frequency response was the same as at a sample rate of 96kHz. I have seen this behavior in a few other DACs. This means that files at sample rates of 176.4 and 192kHz won’t be played back with the extended high-frequency response such files can contain. Chart 6 is a plot of this response.

A revealing test that I always do on a DAC is to measure the THD+N of a 1kHz signal in a 20Hz-22kHz bandwidth at full-scale digital level with decreasing input signal level, down to where the distortion disappears into the noise floor. Doing this revealed that the H360’s noise floor was about -84dBFS, which is equivalent to about 0.42mV, -76.6dBW of output noise dominated by AC-line harmonics. This is somewhat more than with the analog inputs.

Chart 1 - Frequency response of output voltage as a function of output loading

Chart 1

Red line = open circuit
Magenta line = 8-ohm load
Blue line = 4-ohm load

Chart 2 - Distortion as a function of power output and output loading

Chart 2

(Line up at 10W to determine lines)
Top line = 4-ohm SMPTE IM distortion
Second line = 8-ohm SMPTE IM distortion
Third line = 4-ohm THD+N
Bottom line = 8-ohm THD+N

Chart 3 - Distortion as a function of power output and frequency

Chart 3

(8-ohm loading)
Red line = 1W
Magenta line = 10W
Blue line = 30W
Cyan line = 70W
Green line = 200W

Chart 4 - Damping factor as a function of frequency

Chart 4

Damping factor = output impedance divided into 8

Chart 5 - Distortion and noise spectrum

Chart 5

1kHz signal at 10W into an 8-ohm load

Chart 6 - Frequency response of Coax 1 digital input at amplifier output

Chart 5

Red line = 44.1kHz
Magenta line = 96 and 192kHz

BHK Labs Measurements: Cyrus Audio Stereo 200 Stereo Amplifier

Details
Parent Category: Products
Category: Amplifier Measurements

All amplifier measurements are performed independently by BHK Labs. All measurement data and graphical information displayed below are the property of the SoundStage! Network and Schneider Publishing Inc. Reproduction in any format is not permitted.

Notes: The Cyrus Stereo 200 power amplifier was measured at 120V AC line voltage, both channels driven, using its balanced inputs. Measurements were taken for both channels, but unless noted otherwise, the results reported below are for the left channel only. Because the Stereo 200 is a switching amplifier, measurements were made with the Audio Precision AUX-0025’s low-pass filter, except as noted.

Power output

  • Power output at 1% THD+N: 174.3W @ 8 ohms, 262.4W @ 4 ohms
  • Power output at 10% THD+N: 220.0W @ 8 ohms, 345.0W @ 4 ohms

Additional data

  • Input/output polarity: noninverting
  • AC-line current draw at idle: 26.3W, 0.30A, 0.74PF
  • Gain: output voltage divided by input voltage, 8-ohm load (Lch/Rch): 26.4X/26.2X, 28.4dB/28.4dB
  • Input sensitivity for 1W output into 8 ohms (Lch/Rch): 107mV/107mV
  • Output impedance @ 50Hz: 0.028 ohm
  • Input impedance @ 1kHz (Lch/Rch): 62.8k ohms/60.1k ohms
  • Output noise, 8-ohm load, balanced inputs, termination 600 ohms (Lch/Rch)
    •      Wideband without AUX-0025: 1.86V/1.92mV, -3.64dBW/-3.36dBW
    •      Wideband with AUX-0025: 3.94mV/4.0mV, -57.1dBW/-57.0dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.114mV/0.124mV, -87.9dBW/-87.1dBW

Measurements summary

The Stereo 200’s switching-amplifier output circuit is powered by a conventional nonswitching power supply. It has a unique circuit for adjusting the output filter to the optimal conditions for the speaker load used.

Chart 1 shows the frequency response of the Stereo 200 with varying loads. This was done by going through the output-filter startup program with 8-ohm resistive loads. As can be seen, the curve for the 8-ohm load is the flattest, with more rolloff for a 4-ohm load, and some pretty bad peaking with an open-circuit load. The NHT dummy speaker load is nicely contained within about +/-0.8dB throughout the audioband.

Chart 2 illustrates how the Stereo 200’s total harmonic distortion plus noise (THD+N) vs. power varies for 1kHz and SMPTE intermodulation (IM) test signals and amplifier output for loads of 8 and 4 ohms. The THD+N curves have some strange kinks on the way up to clipping. The IM curves show significant increases in the amount of distortion in the 5-30W range; these are worse for the 4-ohm load.

THD+N as a function of frequency at several different power levels is plotted in Chart 3. The Cyrus Stereo 200 had some trouble producing high-frequency power. I had to modify the Audio Precision’s settling routines from the normal exponential settling to no settling to get the measurements I did get. The amount of HF rise is pretty substantial; I felt I had to stop at a 30W power level to avoid damaging the review sample.

Chart 4 plots the Stereo 200’s damping factor vs. frequency. Although it seems typical of many amplifiers -- high at low frequencies, then declining over the audioband -- it begins to decrease at 50Hz, which is quite a bit lower than the norm, and declines to a very low value at 20kHz.

A spectrum of the harmonic distortion and noise residue of a 10W, 1kHz test signal is plotted in Chart 5. The magnitudes of the AC line harmonics are about as low as I have seen in any amplifier, showing no really identifiable line frequency harmonics. The signal harmonics are also low, and consist mainly of a declining series of odd harmonics.

Chart 1 - Frequency response of output voltage as a function of output loading

Chart 1

Red line = open circuit
Magenta line = 8-ohm load
Blue line = 4-ohm load
Cyan line = NHT dummy-speaker load

Chart 2 - Distortion as a function of power output and output loading

Chart 2

(Line up at 50W to determine lines)
Top line = 4-ohm SMPTE IM distortion
Second line = 8-ohm SMPTE IM distortion
Third line = 4-ohm THD+N
Bottom line = 8-ohm THD+N

Chart 3 - Distortion as a function of power output and frequency

Chart 3

(8-ohm loading)
Red line = 1W
Magenta line = 5W
Blue line = 10W
Cyan line = 30W

Chart 4 - Damping factor as a function of frequency

Chart 4

Stereo mode
Damping factor = output impedance divided into 8

Chart 5 - Distortion and noise spectrum

Chart 5

Stereo mode
1kHz signal at 10W into an 8-ohm load

BHK Labs Measurements: NAD C 275BEE Stereo/Mono Amplifier

Details
Parent Category: Products
Category: Amplifier Measurements

All amplifier measurements are performed independently by BHK Labs. All measurement data and graphical information displayed below are the property of the SoundStage! Network and Schneider Publishing Inc. Reproduction in any format is not permitted.

Notes: Measurements of the NAD C 275BEE power amplifier were taken at 120V AC line voltage, both channels driven. Both channels were measured, using the fixed-level inputs. Unless otherwise indicated, the data reported below are for the right channel.

Power output (stereo mode)

  • Power output at 1% THD+N: 192.0W @ 8 ohms, 201.0W @ 4 ohms
  • Power output at 10% THD+N: 203.8W @ 8 ohms, 243.8W @ 4 ohms

Power output (mono mode)

  • Power output at 1% THD+N: 354.1W @ 8 ohms
  • Power output at 10% THD+N: 468.7W @ 8 ohms

Additional data

  • Input/output polarity: noninverting
  • AC-line current draw at idle: 65.0W, 0.78A, 0.71PF
  • Gain (stereo, Lch/Rch): output voltage divided by input voltage, 8-ohm load
    •      Fixed input: 28.6X/28.5X, 29.1dB/29.1dB
    •      Variable input, full clockwise: 50.7X/50.0X, 34.1dB/34.0dB
  • Gain (mono), output voltage divided by input voltage, 8-ohm load
    •      Fixed input: 57.2X, 35.2dB
    •      Variable input, full clockwise: 101.1X, 40.1dB
  • Input sensitivity for 1W output into 8 ohms (stereo, Lch/Rch)
    •      Fixed input: 98.9mV/99.2mV
    •      Variable input, full clockwise: 55.8mV/56.6mV
  • Input sensitivity for 1W output into 8 ohms (mono)
    •      Fixed input: 59.4mV
    •      Variable input, full clockwise: 28.0mV
  • Output impedance @ 50Hz
    •      Stereo mode: 0.042 ohm
    •      Mono mode: 0.084 ohm
  • Input impedance @ 1kHz (stereo)
    •      Fixed input: 10.3k ohms
    •      Variable input, full clockwise: 205k ohms
  • Input impedance @ 1kHz (mono)
    •      Fixed input: 10.3k ohms
    •      Variable input, full clockwise: 163k ohms
  • Output noise with fixed input (stereo mode), 8-ohm load, termination 1k ohm, Lch/Rch
    •      Wideband: 0.45mV/0.33mV, -76.0dBW/-78.9dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.0257mV/0.0264mV, -100.8dBW/-100.6dBW
  • Output noise with variable input set full clockwise (stereo mode), 8-ohm load, termination 1k ohm, Lch/Rch 
    •      Wideband: 0.38mV/0.37mV, -77.4dBW/-77.7dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.0391mV/0.0433mV, -97.2dBW/-96.3dBW
  • Output noise with fixed input (mono mode), 8-ohm load, termination 1k ohm
    •      Wideband: 0.70mV, -72.1dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.0540mV, -94.4dBW
  • Output noise with variable input set full clockwise (mono mode), 8-ohm load, termination 1k ohm
    •      Wideband: 0.64mV, -72.9dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.0821mV, -90.7dBW

Measurements summary

The C 275BEE appears to be a linear design with load-sensing circuitry that causes it to output about the same amount of power into 4 or 8 ohms; usually, a solid-state power amp produces quite a bit more power into 4 ohms.

Chart 1 shows the frequency response of the C 275BEE with varying loads. In mono mode (not shown), the high-frequency rolloff was about twice that shown in Chart 1. In both cases, the output impedance was low enough that there was negligible variation with the NHT dummy speaker load.

The distortion measured in the C 275BEE’s left channel was quite a bit better than in the right. Chart 2 illustrates how the NAD’s total harmonic distortion plus noise (THD+N) vs. power varied for 1kHz and SMPTE intermodulation test signals, and with amplifier output for 8- and 4-ohm loads. Chart 2A shows the results for 8-ohm loading in mono mode. NAD does not recommend 4-ohm loading for the C 275BEE in mono mode.

Chart 3 plots the C 275BEE’s THD+N as a function of frequency at different power levels. The rise in distortion with frequency in the right channel is quite pronounced. Chart 3A shows the same measurement taken for the left channel.

The NAD’s plot of damping factor vs. frequency, shown in Chart 4, is typical of most solid-state power amplifiers: high at low frequencies, then declining throughout the audioband. In mono mode, the damping factor (not shown) was about half that indicated in Chart 4 -- a normal situation, as the two output channels are in series with the load.

Chart 5 shows a spectrum of the C 275BEE’s harmonic distortion and noise residue in a 10W, 1kHz test signal. AC-line harmonics are low but relatively complex. Signal harmonics are dominated by the third harmonic, with the second and higher harmonics of decreasing magnitude.

Chart 1 - Frequency response of output voltage as a function of output loading

Chart 1

Stereo mode
Red line = open circuit
Magenta line = 8-ohm load
Blue line = 4-ohm load

Chart 2 - Distortion as a function of power output and output loading

Chart 2A

Chart 2A

Stereo mode
(Line up at 50W to determine lines)
Top line = 4-ohm SMPTE IM distortion
Second line = 8-ohm SMPTE IM distortion
Third line = 4-ohm THD+N
Bottom line = 8-ohm THD+N

Chart 2B

Chart 2B

Mono mode
(Line up at 100W to determine lines)
Top line = 8-ohm SMPTE IM distortion
Second line = 8-ohm THD+N

Chart 3 - Distortion as a function of power output and frequency

Chart 3A

Chart 3A

Stereo mode
(8-ohm loading, Rch)
Red line = 1W
Magenta line = 10W
Blue line = 30W
Cyan line = 70W
Green line = 150W

Chart 3B

Chart 3B

Stereo mode
(8-ohm loading, Lch)
Red line = 1W
Magenta line = 10W
Blue line = 70W
Cyan line = 150W

Chart 4 - Damping factor as a function of frequency

Chart 4

Stereo mode
Damping factor = output impedance divided into 8

Chart 5 - Distortion and noise spectrum

Chart 5

Stereo mode
1kHz signal at 10W into an 8-ohm load

BHK Labs Measurements: Benchmark Media Systems AHB2 Stereo/Mono Amplifier

Details
Parent Category: Products
Category: Amplifier Measurements

All amplifier measurements are performed independently by BHK Labs. All measurement data and graphical information displayed below are the property of the SoundStage! Network and Schneider Publishing Inc. Reproduction in any format is not permitted.

Notes: Measurements of the Benchmark AHB2 were taken at the balanced inputs of both channels at 120V AC line voltage, both channels driven. Unless otherwise noted, the data reported below are for the left channel.

Power output (stereo mode)

  • Power output at 1% THD+N: 110.0W @ 8 ohms, 201.0W @ 4 ohms
  • Power output at 10% THD+N: 130.0W @ 8 ohms, 255.9W @ 4 ohms

Power output (mono mode)

  • Power output at 1% THD+N: 403.6W @ 8 ohms
  • Power output at 10% THD+N: 450.0W @ 8 ohms

Additional data

  • Input/output polarity: noninverting
  • AC line-current draw at idle: 20.0W, 0.37A, 0.46PF
  • Gain (stereo): output voltage divided by input voltage, 8-ohm load
    •      2V sensitivity: 14.2X, 23.1dB
    •      4V sensitivity: 7.5X, 17.5dB
    •      9.8V sensitivity: 2.92X, 9.4dB
  • Gain (mono), output voltage divided by input voltage, 8-ohm load
    •      2V sensitivity: 25.2X, 28.0dB
    •      4V sensitivity: 14.2X, 23.1dB
    •      9.8V sensitivity: 5.8X, 15.3dB
  • Input sensitivity for 1W output into 8 ohms (stereo)
    •      2V sensitivity: 199.1mV
    •      4V sensitivity: 377.0mV
    •      9.8V sensitivity: 968.5mV
  • Input sensitivity for 1W output into 8 ohms (mono)
    •      2V sensitivity: 112.2mV
    •      4V sensitivity: 199.4mV
    •      9.8V sensitivity: 487.6mV
  • Output impedance @ 50Hz
    •      Stereo mode: 0.027 ohm
    •      Mono mode: 0.054 ohm
  • Input impedance @ 1kHz, stereo and mono: 47.0k ohms
  • Output noise 2V sensitivity (stereo mode), 8-ohm load, balanced inputs terminated with 600 ohms, Lch/Rch
    •      Wideband: 0.120mV/0.099mV, -87.5dBW/-89.1dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.0114mV/0.0112mV, -107.9dBW/-108.0dBW
  • Output noise 4V sensitivity (stereo mode), 8-ohm load, balanced inputs terminated with 600 ohms, Lch/Rch
    •      Wideband: 0.104mV/0.0905mV, -88.7dBW/-89.9dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.0084mV/0.0085mV, -110.5dBW/-110.4dBW
  • Output noise 9.8V sensitivity (stereo mode), 8-ohm load, balanced inputs terminated with 600 ohms, Lch/Rch
    •      Wideband: 0.098mV/0.088mV, -89.2dBW/-90.1dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.0072mV/0.0076mV, -111.9dBW/-111.4dBW

Measurements summary

The AHB2 is Benchmark’s attempt to produce a very-low-distortion, low-noise power amplifier using THX’s AAA Technology, which linearizes the amp’s class-AB output stage without using large amounts of overall negative feedback. I must say that they’ve succeeded; I measured less distortion and noise in the AHB2 than in any other of the many power amps I’ve measured over the years.

Because the AHB2 can be switched between stereo and bridged-mono modes, some measurements were taken with the amp in both modes; the charts labeled “B” indicate measurements in bridged mode. The AHB2 has input sensitivities of 2V, 4V, and 9.8V. Most of the testing was done at the 2V sensitivity; the distortion results were pretty much the same at the 9.8V sensitivity.

Chart 1 shows the AHB2’s frequency response into different loads. The slightly greater high-frequency rolloff in bridged-mono mode (not shown) is due to the series-connected nature of that mode, which caused the HF deviation with load to show up more than in stereo mode. Because the AHB2’s output regulation is so good, its measured performance into the IHF dummy load showed no significant variation within the audioband.

Chart 2A illustrates how the AHB2’s total harmonic distortion plus noise (THD+N) vs. power varied with 1kHz and SMPTE intermodulation test signals and amplifier output load into loads of 8 and 4 ohms. Chart 2B shows the mono results into 8 ohms; in bridged mono, the AHB2 is not rated for use into a load of 4 ohms.

The AHB2’s THD+N as a function of frequency at different power levels is plotted in Chart 3. High-frequency THD+N is admirably low, and in stereo and mono modes, the AHB2’s level of distortion throughout most of the power range is amazingly low.

The plot of the AHB2’s damping factor vs. frequency (Chart 4) is of a value and nature typical of many solid-state amplifiers: high up to 1-2kHz, then rolling off with increasing frequency.

Spectra of the THD+N residue of a 10W, 1kHz test signal are plotted in Charts 5A and 5B. The magnitudes of AC line harmonics are relatively low, and the signal harmonics -- consisting of the third and fifth harmonics in stereo mode -- are extremely low in amplitude. Chart 5B shows this to be similar in mono mode, but with the fifth harmonic being higher, and the seventh and higher harmonics visible but at extremely low levels.

Chart 1 - Frequency response of output voltage as a function of output loading

Chart 1

Stereo mode
Red line = open circuit
Magenta line = 8-ohm load
Blue line = 4-ohm load

Chart 2 - Distortion as a function of power output and output loading

Chart 2A

Chart 2A

Stereo mode
(Line up at 50W to determine lines)
Top line = 4-ohm SMPTE IM distortion
Second line = 8-ohm SMPTE IM distortion
Third line = 4-ohm THD+N
Bottom line = 8-ohm THD+N

Chart 2B

Chart 2B

Mono mode
(Line up at 100W to determine lines)
Top line = 8-ohm SMPTE IM distortion
Second line = 8-ohm THD+N

Chart 3 - Distortion as a function of power output and frequency

Chart 3

Stereo mode
(4-ohm loading)
Red line = 2W
Magenta line = 20W
Blue line = 60W
Cyan line = 120W
Green line = 180W

Chart 4 - Damping factor as a function of frequency

Chart 4

Stereo mode
Damping factor = output impedance divided into 8

Chart 5 - Distortion and noise spectrum

Chart 5A

Chart 5A

Stereo mode
1kHz signal at 10W into an 8-ohm load

Chart 5B

Chart 5B

Mono mode
1kHz signal at 10W into an 8-ohm load

BHK Labs Measurements: Parasound Halo A 31 Three-Channel Amplifier

Details
Parent Category: Products
Category: Amplifier Measurements

All amplifier measurements are performed independently by BHK Labs. All measurement data and graphical information displayed below are the property of the SoundStage! Network and Schneider Publishing Inc. Reproduction in any format is not permitted.

Measurements were made at 120V AC line voltage with all three channels driven. Unless otherwise noted, all measurements were taken at the balanced inputs. The data reported below are for channel one unless otherwise noted.

Power output

  • Output power at 1% THD+N: 232.8W @ 8 ohms, 352.0W @ 4 ohms
  • Output power at 10% THD+N: 285.0W @ 8 ohms, 422.9W @ 4 ohms

Additional data

  • This amplifier does not invert polarity.
  • AC-line current draw at idle: 0.95A, 0.68PF, 76.0W (see Note 1)
  • Gain: output voltage divided by input voltage, 8-ohm loads (see Note 2)
    • Balanced inputs
      • Normal gain: 13.16X, 22.4dB
      • Low gain: 6.22X, 15.9dB
      • High gain: 27.73X, 28.9dB
    • Unbalanced inputs
      • Normal gain: 29.42X, 29.4dB
      • Low gain: 13.85X, 22.8dB
      • High gain: 61.84X, 35.8dB
  • Input sensitivity for 1W output into 8 ohms (see Note 3)
    • Balanced inputs
      • Normal gain: 216mV
      • Low gain: 455mV
      • High gain: 102mV
    • Unbalanced inputs
      • Normal gain: 96.1mV
      • Low gain: 204mV
      • High gain: 45.7mV
  • Output impedance @ 50Hz: 0.0135 ohm
  • Input impedance @ 1kHz
    • Balanced inputs: 105.6k ohms
    • Unbalanced inputs: 42.8k ohms
  • Output noise, 8-ohm load, balanced inputs, termination 600 ohms (see Note 4)
    • Nominal gain
      • Wideband: 0.233mV, -82.1dBW
      • A weighted: 0.076mV, -91.4dBW
    • Low gain
      • Wideband: 0.173mV, -84.3dBW
      • A weighted: 0.085mV, -90.4dBW
    • High gain
      • Wideband: 0.436mV, -76.2dBW
      • A weighted: 0.130mV, -86.8dBW
  • Output noise, 8-ohm load, unbalanced inputs, termination 1k ohm (see Note 4)
    • Nominal gain
      • Wideband: 0.275mV, -80.2dBW
      • A weighted: 0.089mV, -90.0dBW
    • Low gain
      • Wideband: 0.257mV, -80.8dBW
      • A weighted: 0.087mV, -90.2dBW
    • High gain
      • Wideband: 0.538mV, -71.4dBW
      • A weighted: 0.154mV, -85.3dBW

Note 1: As a matter of interest, the AC power draw on turn-on is up to about 210W, which slowly comes down as the unit warms up.
Note 2: Gain values were averaged for the three channels.
Note 3: Input sensitivity values were averaged for the three channels.
Note 4: Noise values for the three channels averaged for the three gain settings.

Measurements summary

The high-powered Halo A 31 is the only three-channel power amplifier in Parasound’s extensive line of Halo products.

Chart 1 shows the frequency response of the Halo A 31 with varying loads. Unusual is the uniformity of the high-frequency rolloff with changing load. The Halo’s output impedance is so low that its response with the NHT dummy speaker load would not show up.

Chart 2 illustrates how the A 31’s total harmonic distortion plus noise (THD+N) vs. power varies for 1kHz and SMPTE IM test signals and amplifier output for loads of 8 and 4 ohms.

The THD+N as a function of frequency at several different power levels is plotted in Chart 3. High-frequency rise with frequency is moderate, and the amount of distortion is quite low through most of the power range. Interesting is that there is a dip in distortion at around 500Hz at the higher powers.

I wonder if that dip in distortion is related in some way to the peak in the curve of damping factor vs. frequency, shown in Chart 4. Most unusual is that this curve, too, peaks at about 500Hz, then decreases and shelves off as the frequency decreases. This almost suggests that some open-loop frequency shaping was done to tune the sound -- speculation on my part.

Chart 5A plots the spectrum of the harmonic distortion and noise residue of a 10W, 1kHz test signal for the Halo A 31’s balanced inputs; Chart 5B plots the same for the unbalanced inputs. The unbalanced input is quite a bit worse, with the AC line harmonics extending up into the signal harmonics. The measurements shown are of channel three, which had more transformer-induced noise than channels one and two, on the other side of the amp.

Chart 1 - Frequency response of output voltage as a function of output loading

Chart 1

Red line = open circuit
Magenta line = 8-ohm load
Blue line = 4-ohm load

Chart 2 - Distortion as a function of power output and output loading

Chart 2

(Line up at 100W to determine lines)
Top line = 8-ohm THD+N
Second line = 4-ohm THD+N
Third line = 8-ohm SMPTE IM distortion
Bottom line = 4-ohm SMPTE IM distortion

Chart 3 - Distortion as a function of power output and frequency

Chart 3

(8-ohm loading)
Red line = 1W
Magenta line = 10W
Blue line = 70W
Cyan line = 150W
Green line = 200W

Chart 4 - Damping factor as a function of frequency

Chart 4

Damping factor = output impedance divided into 8

Chart 5 - Distortion and noise spectrum

Chart 5A - balanced inputs

Chart 5A

1kHz signal at 10W into an 8-ohm load

Chart 5B - unbalanced inputs

Chart 5B

1kHz signal at 10W into an 8-ohm load

BHK Labs Measurements: Luxman M-900u Stereo/Mono Amplifier

Details
Parent Category: Products
Category: Amplifier Measurements

All amplifier measurements are performed independently by BHK Labs. All measurement data and graphical information displayed below are the property of the SoundStage! Network and Schneider Publishing Inc. Reproduction in any format is not permitted.

Notes: Measurements of the unbalanced (UB) and balanced (B) inputs of both channels were made at the 120V AC line voltage, both channels driven. Since the Luxman M-900u is switchable from stereo to mono mode, measurements were made in both modes. (The suffix “B” indicates a mono-mode measurement.) Unless otherwise noted, the data reported below are for the balanced inputs and the left channel.

Power output (stereo mode)

  • Power output at 1% THD+N: 212.5W @ 8 ohms, 368.2W @ 4 ohms
  • Power output at 10% THD+N: 259.2W @ 8 ohms, 445.4W @ 4 ohms

Power output (mono mode)

  • Power output at 1% THD+N: 749.0W @ 8 ohms
  • Power output at 10% THD+N: 904.3W @ 8 ohms

Additional data

  • Input/output polarity
    •      Unbalanced inputs: noninverting
    •      Balanced inputs (switch set for Normal, pin-3 hot): inverting
  • AC-line current draw
    •      Operating: 276.0W, 3.02A, 0.74PF
    •      Standby: 1.4W, 0.03A, 0.38PF
  • Gain: output voltage divided by input voltage, 8-ohm load
    •      Stereo mode B inputs: 27.4X, 28.8dB
    •      Stereo mode UB inputs: 28.2X, 29.0dB
    •      Mono mode B input: 55.6X, 34.9dB
    •      Mono mode UB input: 55.0X, 34.8dB
  • Input sensitivity for 1W output into 8 ohms
    •      Stereo mode B inputs: 103.2mV
    •      Stereo mode UB inputs: 100.0mV
    •      Mono mode B input: 50.8mV
    •      Mono mode UB input: 51.4mV
  • Output impedance @ 50Hz
    •      Stereo mode: 0.012 ohm
    •      Mono mode: 0.024 ohm
  • Input impedance @ 1kHz
    •      Stereo mode B inputs: 34.0k ohms
    •      Stereo mode UB inputs: 52.0k ohms
    •      Mode mode B input: 34.0k ohms
    •      Mode mode UB input: 52.0k ohms
  • Output noise (stereo mode), 8-ohm load, balanced inputs terminated with 600 ohms, Lch/Rch
    •      Wideband: 0.532mV/0.546mV, -74.5dBW/-74.3dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.164mV/0.166mV, -84.7dBW/-84.6dBW
  • Output noise (stereo mode), 8-ohm load, unbalanced inputs terminated with 1k ohms, Lch/Rch
    •      Wideband: 0.167mV/0.154mV, -84.6dBW/-85.3dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.043mV/0.040mV, -96.4dBW/-97.0dBW
  • Output noise (mono mode), 8-ohm load, balanced inputs terminated with 600 ohms
    •      Wideband: 0.750mV, -71.3dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.231mV, -81.7dBW
  • Output noise (mono mode), 8-ohm load, unbalanced inputs terminated with 1k ohms
    •      Wideband: 0.656mV, -72.7dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.200mV, -83.0dBW

Measurements summary

Charts 1A and 1B show the frequency response of the Luxman M-900u with varying loads. Otherwise essentially identical to the stereo mode in the audioband, the mono response shows a bit more dependence on load above that range. The M-900u’s output regulation is so good that the IHF dummy load showed no significant variation in the audioband.

Chart 2A illustrates how total harmonic distortion plus noise (THD+N) vs. power varies for 1kHz and SMPTE intermodulation (IM) test signals and amplifier output load for loads of 8 and 4 ohms. Chart 2B is for mono mode and a load of 8 ohms, as the M-900u is not specified for a mono load of 4 ohms.

THD+N as a function of frequency at several different power levels is plotted in Charts 3A and 3B. High-frequency rise with frequency is moderate, and the distortion is quite low over most of the power range in both stereo and mono modes.

The plot of damping factor vs. frequency (Chart 4A) is of a value and nature typical of many solid-state amplifiers: high up to about 1-2kHz, then rolling off with increasing frequency. The damping factor in mono mode (4B) is about half that in stereo mode, with the same curve shape. This is normal; the channels’ separate output impedances are in series with the load in mono or bridged mode.

The M-900u’s spectrum of harmonic distortion and noise residue of a 10W, 1kHz test signal is shown in Charts 5A and 5B. The AC line harmonics are relatively low in magnitude and simple in nature. The signal harmonics in stereo mode consist of a single second harmonic of low amplitude. In mono mode, the single second harmonic seems to have been canceled and does not show at all!

Chart 1 - Frequency response of output voltage as a function of output loading

Chart 1A

Chart 1A

Stereo mode
Blue line = open circuit
Red line = 8-ohm load
Magenta line = 4-ohm load

Chart 1B

Chart 1B

Mono mono
Blue line = open circuit
Red line = 8-ohm load
Magenta line = 4-ohm load

Chart 2 - Distortion as a function of power output and output loading

Chart 2A

Chart 2A

Stereo mode
(Line up at 100W to determine lines)
Top line = 8-ohm SMPTE IM distortion
Second line = 4-ohm SMPTE IM distortion
Third line = 8-ohm THD+N
Bottom line = 4-ohm THD+N

Chart 2B

Chart 2B

Mono mode
(Line up at 100W to determine lines)
Top line = 8-ohm SMPTE IM distortion
Second line = 8-ohm THD+N

Chart 3 - Distortion as a function of power output and frequency

Chart 3A

Chart 3A

Stereo mode
(8-ohm loading)
Red line = 1W
Magenta line = 10W
Blue line = 30W
Cyan line = 120W
Green line = 150W

Chart 3B

chart3b

Mono mode
(8-ohm loading)
Red line = 1W
Magenta line = 20W
Blue line = 60W
Cyan line = 120W
Green line = 600W

Chart 4 - Damping factor as a function of frequency

Chart 4A

Chart 4A

Stereo mode
Damping factor = output impedance divided into 8

Chart 4B

Chart 4B

Mono mode
Damping factor = output impedance divided into 8

Chart 5 - Distortion and noise spectrum

Chart 5A

Chart 5A

Stereo mode
1kHz signal at 10W into an 8-ohm load

Chart 5B

Chart 5B

Mono mode
1kHz signal at 10W into an 8-ohm load

Measurements: Hegel Music Systems H30 Stereo/Mono Amplifier

Details
Parent Category: Products
Category: Amplifier Measurements

All amplifier measurements are performed independently by Warkwyn Associates. All measurement data and graphical information displayed below are the property of the SoundStage! Network and Schneider Publishing Inc. Reproduction in any format is not permitted.

Notes: Measurements were made at 120V AC line voltage with both channels being driven (stereo mode). Measurements made on left channel through the balanced input for stereo and mono modes unless otherwise noted.

Power output (stereo mode)

  • Power output at 1% THD+N: 333.3W @ 8 ohms, 499.4W @ 4 ohms
  • Power output at 10% THD+N: 365.2W @ 8 ohms, 576.0W @ 4 ohms

Power output (mono mode)

  • Power output at 1% THD+N: 1200W @ 8 ohms, 1953W @ 4 ohms
  • Power output at 10% THD+N: 1453W @ 8 ohms, 2303W @ 4 ohms

Additional data

  • This amplifier does not invert polarity.
  • AC-line current draw at idle: 1.29A, 0.62PF, 98W
  • Gain at 1W at into 8 ohms at 1kHz, unbalanced and balanced inputs
    •      Stereo and mono modes: 39.9X, 32.0dB
  • Input sensitivity for 1W into 8 ohms, unbalanced and balanced inputs 
    •      Stereo and mono modes: 71.1mV
  • Output impedance @ 50Hz
    •      Stereo mode: 0.0093 ohm
    •      Mono mode: 0.0182 ohm
  • Input impedance @ 1kHz
    •      Stereo mode, unbalanced input: 8.58k ohms
    •      Stereo model, balanced input: 26.6k ohms
    •      Mono mode, unbalanced input: 5.33k ohms
    •      Mono mode, balanced input: 15.7k ohms
  • Output noise (stereo mode), 8-ohm load, unbalanced inputs terminated with 1k ohms, Lch/Rch
    •      Wideband: 0.133mV/0.142mV, -86.5dBW/-86.0dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.101mV/0.099mV, -88.9dBW/-89.1dBW
  • Output noise (stereo mode), 8-ohm load, balanced inputs terminated with 600 ohms, Lch/Rch
    •      Wideband: 0.129mV/0.138mV, -86.8dBW/-86.2dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.095mV/0.093mV, -89.5dBW/-89.6dBW
  • Output noise (mono mode), 8-ohm load, unbalanced inputs terminated with 1k ohms
    •      Wideband: 0.164mV, -84.7dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.121mV, -87.4dBW
  • Output noise (mono mode), 8-ohm load, balanced inputs terminated with 600 ohms
    •      Wideband: 0.160mV, -84.9dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.119mV, -87.5dBW

Measurements summary

All charts: A = stereo mode, B = mono mode.

Charts 1A and 1B show the frequency response of the Hegel H30 with different resistive loads. With loads of 4 and 8 ohms, there are small deviations in output response at 20kHz in both stereo and mono modes, but the dummy-speaker load shows very little deviation at 20kHz, which reflects real-world load conditions.

Charts 2A and 2B illustrate how total harmonic distortion plus noise (THD+N) vs. power varies for 1kHz and SMPTE IM test signals. The results show very low and uniform distortion levels in both modes until clipping is reached.

Charts 3A and 3B show THD+N as a function of frequency at several different power levels into 4 ohms. The high output power achieved in stereo and mono modes with low THD+N is admirable. (Note that the decrease in distortion above 10kHz in these charts is a result of a 22kHz cutoff filter, which helps to improve the accuracy of this test below 10kHz.)

Charts 4A and 4B show the H30’s damping factor vs. frequency. The result in mono mode is about half that in stereo mode, but has a similar shape.

Charts 5A and 5B show the spectrum of harmonic distortion and noise residue for a 10W, 1kHz test signal.

Chart 1 - Frequency response of output voltage as a function of output loading

Chart 1A

Chart 1A

Stereo mode
Red line = open circuit
Cyan line = 8-ohm load
Blue line = 4-ohm load
Magenta line = dummy-speaker load

Chart 1B

Chart 1B

Mono mode
Red line = open circuit
Cyan line = 8-ohm load
Blue line = 4-ohm load
Magenta line = dummy-speaker load

Chart 2 - Distortion as a function of power output and output loading

Chart 2A

Chart 2A

Stereo mode
(Line up at 20W to determine lines)
Top line = 4-ohm SMPTE IM distortion
Second line = 8-ohm SMPTE IM distortion
Third line = 4-ohm THD+N
Bottom line = 8-ohm THD+N

Chart 2B

Chart 2B

Mono mode
(Line up at 20W to determine lines)
Top line = 4-ohm SMPTE IM distortion
Second line = 8-ohm SMPTE IM distortion
Third line = 4-ohm THD+N
Bottom line = 8-ohm THD+N

Chart 3 - Distortion as a function of power output and frequency

Chart 3A

Chart 3A

Stereo mode, 22kHz cutoff filter
(4-ohm loading)
Cyan line = 2W
Green line = 20W
Blue line = 100W
Red line = 200W
Magenta line = 400W

Chart 3B

Chart 3B

Mono mode, 22kHz cutoff filter
(4-ohm loading)
Cyan line = 2W
Green line = 20W
Blue line = 600W
Red line = 1400W

Chart 4 - Damping factor as a function of frequency

Chart 4A

Chart 4A

Stereo mode
Damping factor = output impedance divided into 8

Chart 4B

Chart 4B

Mono mode
Damping factor = output impedance divided into 8

Chart 5 - Distortion and noise spectrum

Chart 5A

Chart 5A

Stereo mode
1kHz signal at 10W into a 4-ohm load

Chart 5B

Chart 5B

Mono mode
1kHz signal at 10W into a 4-ohm load

BHK Labs Measurements: Pathos Acoustics Lògos MKII Integrated Amplifier

Details
Parent Category: Products
Category: Amplifier Measurements

All amplifier measurements are performed independently by BHK Labs. All measurement data and graphical information displayed below are the property of the SoundStage! Network and Schneider Publishing Inc. Reproduction in any format is not permitted.

Measurements of the Pathos Lògos were made at 120V AC line voltage, both channels driven, with the left channel measured at the balanced inputs, unless otherwise noted. Measurements were made using the old IHF integrated-amplifier standard, in which the volume control is set to a nominal 5W output into 8 ohms with a 500mV analog input.

Power output

  • Output power at 1% THD+N: 155.0W @ 8 ohms, 237.4W @ 4 ohms
  • Output power at 10% THD+N: 195.5W @ 8 ohms, 300.9W @ 4 ohms

Additional data

  • This amplifier inverts polarity.
  • AC-line current draw at idle: 1.41A, 0.76PF, 128.0W
  • Gain: output voltage divided by input voltage
    •      Unbalanced inputs: 76.4X, 37.7dB
    •      Balanced inputs:  36.5X, 31.1dB 
  • Input sensitivity for 1W output into 8 ohms
    •      Unbalanced inputs: 37.0mV
    •      Balanced inputs: 77.5mV
  • Output impedance @ 50Hz: 0.053 ohm
  • Input impedance @ 1kHz, unbalanced and balanced inputs: 30k ohms
  • Output noise, reference conditions, balanced inputs, termination 600 ohms, Lch/Rch
    •      Wideband: 2.02mV/2.35mV, -62.9dBW/-61.6dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.31mV/0.54mV, -79.2dBW/-74.4 dBW
  • Output noise, reference conditions, unbalanced inputs, termination 1k ohm, Lch/Rch
    •      Wideband: 0.81mV/1.5mV, -70.8dB/-95.5dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.21mV/0.21mV, -82.6dBW/-82.6dBW
  • Output noise, 8-ohm load, volume at maximum, balanced inputs, termination 600 ohms, Lch/Rch
    •      Wideband: 5.8mV/6.6mV, -53.7dBW/-52.6dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.92mV/1.5mV, -69.7dBW/-65.5dBW
  • Output noise, 8-ohm load, volume at maximum, unbalanced inputs, termination 1k ohm, Lch/Rch
    •      Wideband: 2.7mV/6.4mV, -60.4dBW/-52.9dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.73mV/0.81mV, -71.8dBW/-70.9dBW
  • Output noise, 8-ohm load, volume at minimum, balanced inputs, termination 600 ohms, Lch/Rch
    •      Wideband: 0.77dBW/0.80mV, -71.3dBW/-71.0dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.20mW/0.20mV, -83.0dBW/-83.0dBW
  • Output noise, 8-ohm load, volume at minimum, unbalanced inputs, termination 1k ohm, Lch/Rch
    •      Wideband: 0.76mV/0.79mV, -71.4dBW/-71.1dBW
    •      A weighted: 0.20mV/0.21mV, -83.0dBW/-82.6dBW

Measurements summary

The Pathos Lògos MKII is a medium-power stereo integrated amplifier with a vacuum-tube input stage. It can be ordered with a built-in DAC module, but the review sample lacked this option.

Chart 1 shows the Lògos’s frequency response with varying loads. The frequency response has a high-frequency bandwidth of about 199kHz, depending on the load. The output impedance is low in the audioband, and the variations due to the NHT dummy load did not appear and therefore are not shown here. Note the mild low-frequency rolloff beginning at about 50Hz. To test volume-control tracking and frequency response as functions of the volume setting, a measurement test (results not shown) was set up to establish a reference point. The volume was set to its maximum level at 5W output. The responses of both channels were then measured as the volume was reduced in 10dB increments. Volume tracking was excellent right down to -60dB, the response shape remaining constant at all levels -- something that is not always the case, especially at very low volume settings.

Chart 2 illustrates how total harmonic distortion plus noise (THD+N) vs. power varies for 1kHz and SMPTE IM test signals and amplifier output load into 8 and 4 ohms. Not usually seen, although low, the distortion of this amp is quite constant over a very wide power range.

The Lògos’s THD+N as a function of frequency at several different power levels is plotted in Chart 3. The amount of rise in high-frequency distortion is significant, especially with increasing power level.

The Lògos’s damping factor vs. frequency, shown in Chart 4, has a shape typical of most power amplifiers, except that the high-frequency rolloff starts quite a bit higher than the usual 0.5-1kHz.

A spectrum of the Lògos’s harmonic distortion and noise residue of a 10W, 1kHz test signal is plotted in Chart 5. The magnitudes of the AC line harmonics are low in amplitude compared to the signal harmonics. The signal harmonics are reasonably low in amplitude, with odd harmonics dominating, and with a complex and decreasing series of odd and even harmonics.

Chart 1 - Frequency response of output voltage as a function of output loading

Chart 1

Red line = open circuit
Magenta line = 8-ohm load
Blue line = 4-ohm load

Chart 2 - Distortion as a function of power output and output loading

Chart 2

(Line up at 30W to determine lines)
Top line = 4-ohm SMPTE IM distortion
Second line = 8-ohm SMPTE IM distortion
Third line = 4-ohm THD+N
Bottom line = 8-ohm THD+N

Chart 3 - Distortion as a function of power output and frequency

Chart 3

(4-ohm loading)
Red line = 1W
Magenta line = 10W
Blue line = 30W
Cyan line = 70W
Green line = 110W

Chart 4 - Damping factor as a function of frequency

Chart 4

Damping factor = output impedance divided into 8

Chart 5 - Distortion and noise spectrum

Chart 5

1kHz signal at 10W into an 8-ohm load

  1. Measurements: Hegel Music Systems H80 Integrated Amplifier-DAC
  2. BHK Labs Measurements: Parasound Halo A 23 Stereo/Mono Amplifier

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