Details

Parent Category: Products

Category: Preamplifier Measurements

Created: 15 November 2023

Link: reviewed by Jason Thorpe on SoundStage! Ultra on November 15, 2023

General information

All measurements were taken using an Audio Precision APx555 B Series analyzer.

The Angela-Gilbert Yeung C312 was conditioned for 30 minutes at 2Vrms at the output before any measurements were taken. All measurements were taken with both channels driven.

The C312 under test offers three sets of line-level unbalanced (RCA) inputs, two sets of line-level balanced (XLR) inputs, one set of unbalanced outputs, two set of balanced outputs, and a set of fixed line-level unbalanced outputs. There was no difference in terms of gain between unbalanced and balanced inputs, while there was a 6dB increase in terms of gain for the balanced outputs compared to the unbalanced outputs. There was effectively no difference in terms of THD and noise between balanced and unbalanced inputs and outputs; however, 1kHz FFTs are included in this report with all four i/o combinations for comparison purposes. The volume control does not have a numerical display. Based on the accuracy and non-repeatable nature of the channel deviation (table below), the volume control is a potentiometer operating in the analog domain.

The C312 is a very unusual preamp, as it offers three different adjustments on the front panels via three dials. These are labeled Warm, Tube S, and SS. Unless otherwise stated, measurements were made with the volume set to unity gain, using the XLR inputs and outputs, with a 2Vrms input, and the three control dials set to the same positions as were used by the reviewer Jason Thorpe (for the most part): Warm and Tube S at the 10 o’clock position (about 1/3 of full deflection), and SS at the 9 o’clock position (about ¼ of full deflection). The short description as to what these dials do is to control the gain of various stages in the preamp. If the dials are set to minimum, there is no usable output from the preamp with the volume at maximum, while the total gain measured from the preamp with all dials at maximum is an astonishing 52dB (in order to avoid clipping, a very small input signal of 10mVrms was applied). At the end of this report, an attempt was made to characterize the measured difference (if any) to the output signal that the dials have when adjusted.

Volume-control accuracy (measured at preamp outputs): left-right channel tracking

Primary measurements

Our primary measurements revealed the following using the balanced line-level inputs (unless otherwise specified, assume a 1kHz sine wave, 2Vrms input and output into 200k-ohm load, 10Hz to 90kHz bandwidth):

Frequency response

In our measured frequency response (relative to 1kHz) plot above, the C312 is essentially flat within the audioband (0dB at 20Hz, less than -0.1dB at 20kHz). The C312 appears to be AC-coupled, as it yielded about -0.2dB of deviation at 5Hz. In the graph above and most of the graphs below, only a single trace may be visible. This is because the left channel (blue or purple trace) is performing identically to the right channel (red or green trace) and so they perfectly overlap, indicating that the two channels are ideally matched.

Phase response

Above is the phase response plot from 20Hz to 20kHz. The C312 does not invert polarity, and it yielded a worst-case -20 degrees of phase shift at 20kHz.

THD ratio (unweighted) vs. frequency

The plot above shows THD ratios at the output as a function of frequency (20Hz to 20kHz) for a sinewave input stimulus. The blue and red plots are for left and right into 200k ohms, while purple/green (L/R) are into 600 ohms. THD values range from 0.0003-0.0005% from 20Hz to 200Hz, then up to 0.02% at 20kHz into 200k ohms. Into a 600-ohm load, THD ratios were nearly identical, but 2-3dB higher through most of the frequency sweep.

THD ratio (unweighted) vs. output voltage

The plot above shows THD ratios measured at the output of the C312 as a function of output voltage into 200k ohms with a 1kHz input sinewave, with the volume set to maximum. At the 10mVrms level, THD values measured around 0.1%, dipping down to around 0.0004% at 5-6Vrms, followed by a rise to 0.0007% at the “knee,” at around 12Vrms. The 1% THD point is reached at 13.5Vrms. It’s also important to mention that anything above 2-4Vrms is not typically required to drive most power amps to full power.

THD+N ratio (unweighted) vs. output voltage

The plot above shows THD+N ratios measured at the output of the C312 as a function of output voltage into 200k ohms with a 1kHz input sinewave, with the volume set to maximum. At the 10mVrms level, THD+N values measured around 1%, dipping down to around 0.0015% at 12Vrms.

FFT spectrum – 1kHz (balanced in, balanced out)

Shown above is the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for a 1kHz input sinewave stimulus, measured at the output into a 200k-ohm load, for the balanced inputs and outputs. We see that the signal’s second harmonic, at 2kHz, is at around -100dBrA, or 0.001%, while the third harmonic, at 3kHz, is much lower at -125dBrA, or 0.00006%. Higher order harmonics are non-existent above the -130dBrA noise floor. Below 1kHz, we can see power-supply-related noise peaks at the fundamental (60Hz) and second harmonic (120Hz) at -110dBrA, or 0.0003%, and higher harmonics at -115dBrA, or 0.0002%, and below.

FFT spectrum – 1kHz (unbalanced in, balanced out)

Shown above is the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for a 1kHz input sinewave stimulus, measured at the output into a 200k-ohm load for the unbalanced inputs and balanced outputs. The FFT is essentially identical to the balanced-in/balanced-out FFT above.

FFT spectrum – 1kHz (unbalanced in, unbalanced out)

Shown above is the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for a 1kHz input sinewave stimulus, measured at the output into a 200k-ohm load for the unbalanced inputs and outputs. Again, the FFT is essentially identical to the balanced-in/balanced-out FFT above.

FFT spectrum – 1kHz (balanced in, unbalanced out)

Shown above is the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for a 1kHz input sinewave stimulus, measured at the output into a 200k-ohm load for the balanced inputs and unbalanced outputs. Yet again, the FFT is essentially identical to the balanced in/balanced out FFT above.

FFT spectrum – 50Hz

Shown above is the FFT for a 50Hz input sinewave stimulus measured at the output into a 200k-ohm load. The X axis is zoomed in from 40Hz to 1kHz so that peaks from noise artifacts can be directly compared against peaks from the harmonics of the signal. The most predominant non-signal peaks are from the power-supply-related noise peaks at 60/120Hz at -110dBrA, or 0.0003%. The second (100Hz) and third (150Hz) signal harmonics are very low at -125dBrA, or 0.00006%.

Intermodulation distortion FFT (18kHz + 19kHz summed stimulus)

Shown above is an FFT of the intermodulation distortion (IMD) products for an 18kHz + 19kHz summed sinewave stimulus tone measured at the output into a 200k-ohm load. The input RMS values are set at -6.02dBrA so that, if summed for a mean frequency of 18.5kHz, would yield 2Vrms (0dBrA) at the output. We find that the second-order modulation product (i.e., the difference signal of 1kHz) is at -110dBrA, or 0.0003%, while the third-order modulation products, at 17kHz and 20kHz, are at -120/-115dBrA, or 0.0001/0.0002%. This is a clean IMD result.

Intermodulation distortion FFT (line-level input, APx 32 tone, 24/96)

Shown above is the FFT of the speaker-level output of the C312 with the APx 32-tone signal applied to the input. The combined amplitude of the 32 tones is the 0dBrA reference, and corresponds to 10W into 8 ohms. The intermodulation products—i.e., the “grass” between the test tones—are distortion products from the preamplifier and below the -120dBrA, or 0.0001%, level. This is another clean IMD result. The peaks that reach the -110dBrA level at lower frequencies are not IMD products but power-supply-related noise peaks.

Square-wave response (10kHz)

Above is the 10kHz squarewave response at the output into 200k ohms. Due to limitations inherent to the Audio Precision APx555 B Series analyzer, this graph should not be used to infer or extrapolate the C312’s slew-rate performance. Rather, it should be seen as a qualitative representation of its relatively high bandwidth. An ideal squarewave can be represented as the sum of a sinewave and an infinite series of its odd-order harmonics (e.g., 10kHz + 30kHz + 50kHz + 70kHz . . .). A limited bandwidth will show only the sum of the lower-order harmonics, which may result in noticeable undershoot and/or overshoot, and softening of the edges. The C312’s reproduction of the 10kHz squarewave is clean, with only mild softening in the corners.

What do the Warm, Tube S, and SS control dials do?

Each dial controls the gain in different stages of the preamp. The Warm dial provides the most significant changes in gain: from -42dB to +27.8dB (with the other two dials held at the 9 o’clock position). Both the Tube S and SS dials varied the gain from about -10dB to +15dB (in each case with the other two dials held at the 9 o’clock position). The effects of changing each dial, while maintaining the other two dials at the 9 o’clock position, were explored. When varying the dial positions, we found no appreciable changes in terms of: frequency response, phase, crosstalk, and output impedance. Because each dial affects gain, we predictably found changes in terms of noise and distortion (and IMD). In terms of the dials yielding differences in noise and distortion from one dial to the other, we found the effects of varying Tube S and SS to be essentially identical, while Warm yielded more distortion, with more high frequency harmonics.

We first explored changing the dials while maintaining low distortion, and below are the 1kHz FFTs with each dial at the 3 o’clock position, while maintaining the other two dials at the 9 o’clock position. In each case, an input voltage of 1Vrms was maintained and an output of 2Vrms (using the volume control). We found that with the Warm dial set to 3 o’clock, there was more distortion with a clear peak at the third harmonic (3kHz) at -110dBrA, or 0.0003%, that was not there when Tube S and SS were set to the same position. Having the Warm dial set to the 3 o’clock position did yield less noise compared to when Tube S and SS were set to the same position; however, this may be due to having the overall volume set to a lower position. There was absolutely no difference in the 1kHz FFTs between Tube S and SS set to the 3 o’clock position.

FFT spectrum—1kHz (Warm at 3 o’clock)

FFT spectrum—1kHz (Tube S at 3 o’clock)

FFT spectrum—1kHz (SS at 3 o’clock)

We then explored changing the dials to achieve high distortion (~5% THD). This was done with a baseline of maintaining all dials at the 12 o’clock position with a 2Vrms input, and 2Vrms output, then adjusting one dial at a time to achieve 5% THD, all the while adjusting the overall volume to maintain 2Vrms at the output. We also included a scope capture to display the shape of the 1kHz waveform. In addition, we show an FFT and scope capture for the scenario where Warm is set to maximum. We found that the Warm dial yields “harder” clipping, which can be seen in the distorted peaks of the sinewaves compared to when Tube S and SS were adjusted to yield 5% THD. Once again, no differences were seen between Tube S and SS in the 5% THD scenario.

FFT spectrum—1kHz (all dials at 12 o’clock—the baseline)

FFT spectrum—1kHz (Warm causing 5% THD)

Scope—1kHz (Warm causing 5% THD)

FFT spectrum—1kHz (TUBE S causing 5% THD)

Scope—1kHz (TUBE S causing 5% THD)

FFT spectrum—1kHz (SS causing 5% THD)

Scope—1kHz (SS causing 5% THD)

FFT spectrum—1kHz (Warm at maximum)

Scope—1kHz (Warm at maximum)

Because adjusting Tube S and SS seemed to yield identical results, we explored this further by maintaining Warm at the 10 o’clock position and alternating between Tube S at maximum with SS at minimum, and vice versa, while maintaining the input at 1Vrms and the output at 2Vrms. Below you will find FFTs for a 1kHz sinewave, IMD (CCIF, 18+19kHz, 1:1) and 32-tone, as well as frequency response. We also explored (not shown) IMD (SMPTE, 60Hz+7kHz, 4:1), crosstalk, phase, and output impedance. With the exception of a very small difference in frequency response, there were absolutely no differences between Tube S and SS adjustments. With the Tube S set to maximum, there was a small dip at very low frequencies (-0.2dB at 5Hz), whereas with SS set to maximum, we measured 0dB at 5Hz. This would be inaudible.

FFT spectrum—1kHz (Tube S maximum, SS minimum)

FFT spectrum—1kHz (Tube S minimum, SS maximum)

FFT spectrum—IMD (Tube S maximum, SS minimum)

FFT spectrum—IMD (Tube S minimum, SS maximum)

FFT spectrum—32-tone (Tube S maximum, SS minimum)

FFT spectrum—32-tone (Tube S minimum, SS maximum)

Frequency response (Tube S maximum, SS minimum)

Frequency response (Tube S minimum, SS maximum)

Diego Estan
Electronics Measurement Specialist

Details

Parent Category: Products

Category: Preamplifier Measurements

Created: 01 January 2023

Link: reviewed by Jason Thorpe on SoundStage! Hi-Fi on January 1, 2023

General information

All measurements taken using an Audio Precision APx555 B Series analyzer.

The Hegel Music Systems P30A was conditioned for 30 minutes at 2Vrms at the output before any measurements were taken. All measurements were taken with both channels driven.

The P30A offers three sets of line-level unbalanced (RCA) inputs, two sets of line-level balanced (XLR) inputs, two sets of unbalanced outputs, and one set of balanced outputs. There’s no difference in terms of gain between unbalanced and balanced inputs/outputs. That is to say, if the volume is set to unity gain, an input of 2Vrms will yield 2Vrms at the output, regardless of the input and output type configuration (i.e., all of these configurations yield the same results in terms of gain: RCA in/XLR out, XLR in/RCA out, RCA in/RCA out, XLR in/XLR out). The volume control does not have a numerical display. Based on the accuracy and non-repeatable nature of the channel deviation (table below), the volume control is digitally controlled but passes the signal in the analog domain. It offers between 8dB and 2dB increments for the first eight volume steps. Beyond the eighth step to just below the 12 o’clock position, 1dB steps were measured. Beyond the 12 o’clock position, the volume control offers 0.5 dB steps. Overall gain was measured at -85dB for volume step one, up to +5.3dB at the maximum position.

As Hegel claims, there is a difference in terms of THD between unbalanced and balanced signals in the P30A (see both the main table and FFTs below). We found that the difference lies in whether the unbalanced or balanced inputs (not outputs) are used—the unbalanced inputs yielded a little over twice as much THD at 1kHz. Unless otherwise stated, measurements were made with the volume set to unity gain, using the XLR inputs and outputs, with a 2Vrms input.

Volume-control accuracy (measured at preamp outputs): left-right channel tracking

Published specifications vs. our primary measurements

The table below summarizes the measurements published by Hegel for the P30A compared directly against our own. The published specifications are sourced from Hegel’s website, either directly or from the manual available for download, or a combination thereof. With the exception of frequency response, where the Audio Precision bandwidth is set at its maximum (DC to 1MHz), assume, unless otherwise stated, a 1kHz sine wave, 2Vrms input and output into 200k-ohm load, 10Hz to 90kHz bandwidth, and the worst-case measured result between the left and right channels.

Our primary measurements revealed the following using the balanced line-level inputs (unless otherwise specified, assume a 1kHz sine wave, 2Vrms input and output into 200k-ohm load, 10Hz to 90kHz bandwidth):

Frequency response

In our measured frequency-response plot above, the P30A is essentially perfectly flat within the audioband (0dB at 20Hz, less than -0.1dB at 20kHz). The P30A appears to be DC-coupled, as it yielded 0dB of deviation at 5Hz. In the graph above and most of the graphs below, only a single trace may be visible. This is because the left channel (blue or purple trace) is performing identically to the right channel (red or green trace), and so they perfectly overlap, indicating that the two channels are ideally matched.

Phase response

Above is the phase response plot from 20Hz to 20kHz. The P30A does not invert polarity, and yielded a worst-case 25 degrees or so of phase shift at 20kHz.

THD ratio (unweighted) vs. frequency

The plot above shows THD ratios at the output as a function of frequency (20Hz to 20kHz) for a sine-wave input stimulus. The blue and red plots are for left and right channels into 200k ohms, while purple/green (L/R) are into 600 ohms. THD values were essentially flat across the audioband at 0.002% into 600 ohms. Into a 200k-ohm load, THD ratios were at 0.002% from 20kHz to 1kHz, then a rise to 0.01% at 20kHz.

THD ratio (unweighted) vs. output voltage

The plot above shows THD ratios measured at the output of the P30A as a function of output voltage into 200k ohms with a 1kHz input sine wave. At the 10mVrms level, THD values measured around 0.01%, dipping down to around 0.0005% at 0.6-0.7Vrms, followed by a rise to 0.05% at 10Vrms. The 1% THD point is reached at 14Vrms. It’s also important to mention that anything above 2-4Vrms is not typically required to drive most power amps to full power.

THD+N ratio (unweighted) vs. output voltage

The plot above shows THD+N ratios measured at the output of the P30A as a function of output voltage into 200k ohms with a 1kHz input sine wave. At the 10mVrms level, THD+N values measured around 0.2%, dipping down to around 0.002% at 1.5Vrms.

FFT spectrum – 1kHz (balanced in, balanced out)

Shown above is the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for a 1kHz input sine-wave stimulus, measured at the output into a 200k-ohm load, for the balanced inputs and outputs. We see that the signal’s second harmonic, at 2kHz, is at around -115dBrA, or 0.0002%, while the third harmonic, at 3kHz, is higher at -95dBrA, or 0.002%. Higher-order odd harmonics can be seen to beyond 20kHz, at -135dBRa, or 0.0002%, and below. Below 1kHz, we can see only a very small peak at 120Hz, the second harmonic of the power-supply fundamental, at -125dBra, or 0.00006%, just above the noise floor.

FFT spectrum – 1kHz (unbalanced in, balanced out)

Shown above is the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for a 1kHz input sine-wave stimulus, measured at the output into a 200k-ohm load for the unbalanced inputs and balanced outputs. The main difference here compared to the FFT above is the much higher second signal harmonic, at -90dBRa, or 0.003%, versus the -115dBrA 2kHz peak seen when the balanced inputs are used.

FFT spectrum – 1kHz (unbalanced in, unbalanced out)

Shown above is the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for a 1kHz input sine-wave stimulus, measured at the output into a 200k-ohm load for the unbalanced inputs and outputs. The same distortion profile with the higher 2kHz peaks can be seen here as with the FFT above. The common denominator is the use of the unbalanced inputs.

FFT spectrum – 1kHz (balanced in, unbalanced out)

Shown above is the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for a 1kHz input sine-wave stimulus, measured at the output into a 200k-ohm load for the balanced inputs and unbalanced outputs. The same distortion profile with the lower 2kHz peaks can be seen here as with the first FFT above. The common denominator is the use of the balanced inputs.

FFT spectrum – 50Hz

Shown above is the FFT for a 50Hz input sine-wave stimulus measured at the output into a 200k-ohm load. The X axis is zoomed in from 40Hz to 1kHz, so that peaks from noise artifacts can be directly compared against peaks from the harmonics of the signal. The most predominant non-signal peak is from the signal’s third harmonic (3kHz) at -95dBrA, or 0.002%. The second signal harmonic (100Hz) is at -115dBrA, or 0.0002%. Peaks from the power-supply fundamental (60Hz) and the second (120Hz), fourth (240Hz), and fifth (300Hz) harmonics can be seen at very low levels (-130dBrA, or 0.00003%, and below) just above the noise floor.

Intermodulation distortion FFT (18kHz + 19kHz summed stimulus)

Shown above is an FFT of the intermodulation distortion (IMD) products for an 18kHz + 19kHz summed sine-wave stimulus tone measured at the output into a 200k-ohm load. The input RMS values are set at -6.02dBrA so that, if summed for a mean frequency of 18.5kHz, would yield 2Vrms (0dBrA) at the output. We find that the second-order modulation product (i.e., the difference signal of 1kHz) is at -125/-135dBrA (left/right), or 0.00006/0.00002%, while the third-order modulation products, at 17kHz and 20kHz are at -95dBrA, or 0.002%.

Square-wave response (10kHz)

Above is the 10kHz squarewave response at the output into 200k ohms. Due to limitations inherent to the Audio Precision APx555 B Series analyzer, this graph should not be used to infer or extrapolate the P30A’s slew-rate performance. Rather, it should be seen as a qualitative representation of the P30A’s relatively high bandwidth. An ideal squarewave can be represented as the sum of a sine wave and an infinite series of its odd-order harmonics (e.g., 10kHz + 30kHz + 50kHz + 70kHz . . .). A limited bandwidth will show only the sum of the lower-order harmonics, which may result in noticeable undershoot and/or overshoot, and softening of the edges. The P30A’s reproduction of the 10kHz squarewave is clean, with only mild softening in the corners.

Diego Estan
Electronics Measurement Specialist

Details

Parent Category: Products

Category: Preamplifier Measurements

Created: 15 August 2021

Link: reviewed by Aron Garrecht on SoundStage! Ultra on August 15, 2021

General information

All measurements taken using an Audio Precision APx555 B Series analyzer.

The SPL Director Mk2 was conditioned for 30 minutes at 0dBFS (4.3Vrms out) into 200k ohms before any measurements were taken.

The Director Mk2 offers a multitude of digital and analog inputs, including one set of balanced outputs (XLR), a tape loop (single-ended RCA inputs and outputs), and a fixed single-ended line-level output (RCA). Comparisons were made between S/PDIF optical (TosLink), S/PDIF coaxial (RCA), and AES/EBU (XLR) digital inputs; total harmonic distortion plus noise (THD+N) was the same for all of them. For the measurements below, unless otherwise specified, the coaxial digital input (0dBFS) and the balanced analog input (2 or 4.3Vrms) were used, with the volume control set to maximum (-0.1dB). With the volume at maximum, a 0dBFS digital input yields 4.3Vrms at the output.

The Director Mk2 volume control appears to be a traditional potentiometer offering a range of attenuation from about -90dB to -0.1dB.

Whereas most preamplifiers offer at least 6dB of gain, one interesting design aspect of the Director Mk2 is that it offers no gain. In fact, in the table where we have our primary measurements, the gain for each channel is a little less than 0dB. As a result, potential users should ensure compatibility with whatever power amplifier and/or source component(s) the Director Mk2 will be partnered with. 

Volume-control accuracy (measured at preamp outputs): left-right channel tracking

Published specifications vs. our primary measurements

The table below summarizes the measurements published by SPL for the Director Mk2 compared directly against our own. The published specifications are sourced from SPL’s website, either directly or from the manual available for download, or a combination thereof. With the exception of frequency response, where the Audio Precision bandwidth is set at its maximum (DC to 1MHz), assume a measurement input bandwidth of 10Hz to 90kHz, 200k ohms load, and the worst-case measured result between the left and right analog balanced input.

*The maximum input voltage available with the Audio Precision APx555 is 26.66Vrms. Since the SPL has no gain, roughly the same voltage is available at the output. At 26.66Vrms, the SNR is 130.2dB. The 132dB figure was calculated based on an assumed maximum output voltage of 33Vrms.

Our primary measurements revealed the following using the coaxial input, the balanced analog input and the balanced line-level outputs (unless specified, assume a 1kHz sine wave at 0dBFS or 4.3Vrms, 200k ohms loading, 10Hz to 90kHz bandwidth):

Frequency response (analog)

In our measured frequency-response plot above, the Director Mk2 is perfectly flat within the audioband (20Hz to 20kHz), and only about -0.25dB at 100kHz. SPL’s claim of a frequency range (-3dB) of 4Hz to 300kHz can be corroborated at 4Hz (we measured -0.1dB at 5Hz), but due to the limitations of the Audio Precision’s maximum 200kHz upper limit for a frequency sweep, the 300kHz figure can only be inferred. Since we measured -0.5dB (left) and -0.7dB (right) at 200kHz, it’s fairly safe to assume that the Director Mk2 makes or comes close to making the company’s -3dB 300kHz spec. The Director Mk2 can definitely be considered a high-bandwidth audio device. In the graph above and most of the graphs below, only a single trace may be visible. This is because the left channel (blue, purple, or orange trace) is performing identically to the right channel (red, green, or pink trace), and so they perfectly overlap, indicating that the two channels are ideally matched.

Frequency response vs. input type (16/44.1, 24/96, 24/192, analog)

The chart above shows the Director Mk2’s frequency response as a function of sample rate. The blue/red traces are for a 16bit/44.1kHz dithered digital input signal from 5Hz to 22kHz, the purple/green traces are for a 24/96 dithered digital input signal from 5Hz to 48kHz, and finally orange/pink represents 24/192 from 5Hz to 96kHz. In addition, for comparison, the analog frequency response is shown in green (up to 80kHz). The behavior at low frequencies is the same for all plots—near perfectly flat down to 5Hz. There is an oddity at high frequencies, however, where the right channel showed a softer attenuation around the corner frequency at all sample rates compared to the left channel. All three sample rate data for the right channel were at -0.5dB at 20kHz, while the left channel at all sample rates was at -0.1dB at 20kHz. The behavior of the left channel at high frequencies for all three digital sample rates is as expected, offering sharp filtering around 22, 48, and 96kHz (half the respective sample rate). The -3dB point for each sample rate (left channel) is roughly 21, 46, and 90kHz, respectively. It is also obvious from the plots above that the 44.1kHz sampled input signal (left channel) offers the most “brick-wall”-type behavior, while the attenuation of the 96kHz and 192kHz sampled input signals approaching the corner frequencies (48kHz and 96kHz) is gentler.

Phase response (analog)

Above is the phase response plot from 20Hz to 20kHz. The Director Mk2 does not invert polarity, and the plot shows less than -10 degrees of phase shift at 20kHz.

Phase response vs. sample rate (16/44.1, 24/96, 24/192)

Above are the phase response plots from 20Hz to 20kHz for the coaxial input, measured at the balanced output. The blue/red traces are for a dithered 16/44.1 input at -20dBFS, the purple/green for 24/96, and the orange/pink for 24/192. Here again we see the differences between the left and right channels. Since the left channel exhibits sharper attenuation than the right for all sample rates, predictably, there is more phase shift at 15-20kHz than the right channel. At 15kHz, the phase shift is at around +144/+128 (left/right) degrees for the 16/44.1 input data, +45/+30 (left/right) degrees for the 24/96 input data, and +24/+8 (left/right) for the 24/192 input data.

Digital linearity (16/44.1 and 24/96 data)

The chart above shows the results of a linearity test for the coaxial digital input (the optical input performed identically) for both 16/44.1 (blue/red) and 24/96 (purple/green) input data, measured at the balanced line-level output. The digital input is swept with a dithered 1kHz input signal from -120dBFS to 0dBFS, and the output is analyzed by the APx555. The ideal response is a straight flat line at 0dB (i.e., the amplitude of the digital input perfectly matches the amplitude of the measured analog output). Both input data types exhibited exemplary linearity. The 16/44.1 and 24/96 data showed a worst-case deviation of only +2dB around -120dBFS. At -100dBFS, both input data yielded essentially perfect results down to 0dBFS. The sweep was also performed down to -140dBFS (not shown) where both input data showed significant deviations below -120dBFS.

Impulse response (16/44.1 and 24/96 data)

The chart above shows the impulse responses for a 16/44.1 dithered input stimulus at -20dBFS (blue), and a 24/96 dithered input stimulus at -20dBFS (purple), with both measured at the balanced line-level output. The implemented filter appears to be designed for minimized pre-impulse ringing.

J-Test (coaxial input)

The chart above shows the results of the J-Test test for the coaxial digital input measured at the balanced line-level output. The J-Test was developed by Julian Dunn in the 1990s. It is a test signal, specifically a -3dBFS undithered 12kHz square wave sampled (in this case) at 48kHz (24 bit). Since even the first odd harmonic (i.e., 36kHz) of the 12kHz squarewave is removed by the bandwidth limitation of the sampling rate, we are left with a 12kHz sine wave (the main peak). In addition, an undithered 250Hz square wave at -144dBFS is mixed with the signal. This test file causes the 22 least significant bits to constantly toggle, which produces strong jitter spectral components at the 250Hz rate and its odd harmonics. The test file shows how susceptible the DAC and delivery interface are to jitter, which would manifest as peaks above the noise floor at 500Hz intervals (e.g., 250Hz, 750Hz, 1250Hz, etc). Note that the alternating peaks are in the test file itself, but at levels of -144dBrA (fundamental at 250Hz) down to -170dBrA for the odd harmonics.  The test file can also be used in conjunction with artificially injected sine-wave jitter by the Audio Precision, to also show how well the DAC rejects jitter.

The coaxial input shows obvious peaks in the audioband from -90dBrA to just below -130dBrA. This is an indication that the Director Mk2’s DAC may be susceptible to jitter through the coaxial input.

J-Test (optical input)

The optical input shows close to the same but slightly worse J-Test FFT result compared to the coaxial input. The peaks adjacent to the primary signal reach almost -85dBrA.

J-Test (coaxial input, 2kHz sine-wave jitter at 10ns)

The plot above shows the results of the J-Test test for the coaxial digital input measured at the balanced line-level output, with an additional 10ns of 2kHz sine-wave jitter injected by the APx555. The results are very clear, as we see the sidebands at 10kHz and 14kHz (12kHz main signal +/-2kHz jitter signal) manifest at near -70dBrA. This is a clear indication that the DAC in the Director Mk2 has poor jitter immunity. For this test, the optical input yielded defectively the same results.

J-Test (coaxial input, 2kHz sine-wave jitter at 100ns)

The plot above shows the results of the J-Test test for the coaxial digital input measured at the balanced line-level output, with an additional 100ns of 2kHz sine-wave jitter injected by the APx555. The poor jitter-immunity results are further corroborated, as we see the sidebands at 10kHz and 14kHz (12kHz main signal +/-2kHz jitter signal) manifest at near -50dBrA. For this test, the optical input yielded similar results.

Wideband FFT spectrum of white noise and 19.1kHz sine-wave tone (coaxial input)

The chart above shows a fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the Director Mk2’s balanced-line level output with white noise at -4dBFS (blue/red) and a 19.1 kHz sine-wave at 0dBFS fed to the coaxial digital input, sampled at 16/44.1 (purple/green). The sharp roll-off above 20kHz in the white-noise spectrum shows the implementation of the brick-wall type reconstruction filter. There are minor imaged aliasing artifacts in the audioband between -100 and -110dBrA. The primary aliasing signal at 25kHz is just below -100dBrA, while the second and third distortion harmonics (38.2, 57.3kHz) of the 19.1kHz tone range from -90 to -100dBrA.

THD ratio (unweighted) vs. frequency vs. load (analog)

The chart above shows THD ratios at the output as a function of frequency (20Hz to 20kHz) for a sine-wave input stimulus of 2Vrms. The blue and red plots are for left and right channels into 200k ohms, while purple/green (left and right) are into 600 ohms. THD values are extremely low: about 0.00005-0.0002% into 200k ohms from 20Hz to 3kHz, climbing to 0.0005% at 20kHz. The 600-ohm data yielded higher THD values, especially at frequencies above 2kHz, where THD values were measured as low as 0.00007% (100Hz) and as high as 0.005% (20kHz). The Director Mk2’s analog THD values are extremely low, and in most cases, the signal harmonic peaks that the Audio Precision is “looking” for to calculate THD are buried amongst noise peaks, which may cause errors in the measurements, exhibited as peaks in the data above. For example, there is a sample point just above 1kHz in the plots above, where the Audio Precision would look for signal harmonics just above 2kHz and 3kHz. Unfortunately, the Director Mk2 has a noise peak at 3.02kHz, which causes a false and unnaturally high THD rating at 1kHz. See FFT charts below for a full explanation.

THD ratio (unweighted) vs. frequency vs. load (24/96)

The chart above shows THD ratios at the balanced line-level output into 200k ohms (blue/red) and 600 ohms (purple/green) as a function of frequency for a 24/96 dithered 1kHz signal at the coaxial input. The 200k and 600 ohms data are very close from 20Hz to 6kHz, hovering around 0.001%. At 20kHz, THD increased into 600 ohms vs 200k ohms, where we see 0.005% vs 0.002%.

THD ratio (unweighted) vs. frequency vs. sample rate (16/44.1 and 24/96)

The chart above shows THD ratios at the balanced line-level output into 200k ohms as a function of frequency for a 16/44.1 (blue/red) and a 24/96 (purple/green) dithered 1kHz signal at the coaxial input. Both data input types performed almost identically. We see THD values around 0.001% from 20Hz to 10kHz, then a climb to 0.002% at 20kHz.

THD ratio (unweighted) vs. output (analog)

The chart above shows THD ratios measured at the output as a function of output voltage into 200k ohms with a 1kHz input sine wave. At the 1mVrms level, THD values measured around 0.06%, dipping down to nearly 0.00002% at 3-5Vrms. It’s important to highlight just how low the Director Mk2’s THD values are, as they are flirting with the inherent THD performance of the Audio Precision of 0.000015% at these voltage levels. Also important to note here is that it was not possible to sweep the input voltage high enough to see the 1% THD point. This is because the Director Mk2 can handle up to 33Vrms (input or output), while, the AP can only output 26.7Vrms. Also, the Director Mk2 has a maximum gain of -0.1dB, thereby limiting the output to around 26Vrms.

THD ratio (unweighted) vs. output (16/44.1 and 24/96)

The chart above shows THD ratios measured at the balanced output as a function of output voltage for the coaxial input into 200k ohms from -90dBFS to 0dBFS at 16/44.1 (blue/red) and 24/96 (purple/green). The 24/96 outperformed the 16/44.1 data, with a THD range from 0.3% to 0.0002%, while the 16/44.1 ranged from 2% down to 0.0005%.

THD+N ratio (unweighted) vs. output (analog)

The chart above shows THD+N ratios measured at the output as a function of output voltage into 200k ohms with a 1kHz input sine wave. At the 1mVrms level, THD+N values measured around 2%, dipping down to around 0.0002% at 20Vrms.

THD+N ratio (unweighted) vs. output (16/44.1 and 24/96)

The chart above shows THD+N ratios measured at the balanced output as a function of output voltage for the coaxial input into 200k ohms from -90dBFS to 0dBFS at 16/44.1 (blue/red) and 24/96 (purple/green). The 24/96 outperformed the 16/44.1 data, with a THD+N range from 5% down to 0.001% (right channel), while the 16/44.1 ranged from 20% down to 0.003% at 4Vrms. For the 24/96 data, the right channel outperformed the left by about 1-2dB.

FFT spectrum – 1kHz (analog at 2Vrms)

Shown above is the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for a 1kHz input sine-wave stimulus, measured at the output into a 200k-ohm load. Below 1kHz, we see peaks due to power-supply noise at 60Hz (-135dBrA, or 0.00002%), 120Hz (-135dBrA), 180Hz (-125dBrA, or 0.00006%), and beyond. Above 1kHz, at first glance, it appears that there’s a peak at 3kHz (third signal harmonic) at -115dBrA. However, when zoomed in . . .

. . . we find that this is actually a noise peak at 3.02kHz, and that the signal harmonic is at a vanishingly low -149.5dBrA, or 0.000003%. All signal-harmonic peaks are extremely low for the Director Mk2, and buried below and between a multitude of noise peaks.

FFT spectrum – 1kHz (digital input, 16/44.1 data at 0dBFS)

Shown above is the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for a 1kHz input sine-wave stimulus, measured at the balanced output into 200k ohm for the coaxial digital input, sampled at 16/44.1. We see clear signal harmonics at -110dBrA, or 0.0003% (2kHz), and -100dBrA, or 0.001% (3kHz).

FFT spectrum – 1kHz (digital input, 24/96 data at 0dBFS)

Shown above is the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for a 1kHz input sine-wave stimulus, measured at the balanced output into 200k ohm for the coaxial digital input, sampled at 24/96. We see signal harmonics at -110dBrA, or 0.0003% (2kHz), and -100dBrA, or 0.001% (3kHz), as well as lower-level signal harmonics at 4/5/6kHz at around -130dBrA, or 0.00003%, and below. Power-supply noise peaks are just visible to the right of the main signal peak, at 60Hz (-140dBrA, or 0.00001%) and 180Hz (-140/130dBrA, or 0.00001/0.00003%, for the left and right channels).

FFT spectrum – 1kHz (digital input, 16/44.1 data at -90dBFS)

Shown above is the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for a 1kHz input sine-wave stimulus, measured at the balanced output into 200k ohm for the coaxial digital input, sampled at 16/44.1 at -90dBFS. The primary signal peak is at the correct amplitude and there are no visible signal harmonics. The peak that appears to be at 3kHz is actually just above 3kHz and is a noise artifact.

FFT spectrum – 1kHz (digital input, 24/96 data at -90dBFS)

Shown above is the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for a 1kHz input sine-wave stimulus, measured at the balanced output into 200k ohm for the coaxial digital input, sampled at 24/96 at -90dBFS. The primary signal peak is at the correct amplitude. The peak that appears to be at 3kHz is actually just above 3kHz and is a noise artifact. Power-supply noise peaks are clearly visible to the right of the main signal peak, at 60Hz (-140dBrA, or 0.00001%) and 180Hz (-140/130dBrA, or 0.00001/0.00003%, for the left and right channels).

FFT spectrum – 50Hz (analog at 2Vrms)

Shown above is the FFT for a 50Hz input sine-wave stimulus measured at the output into a 200k-ohm load. The X axis is zoomed in from 40Hz to 1kHz, so that peaks from noise artifacts can be directly compared against peaks from the harmonics of the signal. Here we can clearly see how vanishingly low the signal harmonics are, where we see the second harmonic (100Hz) at -145/-150dbRA, or 0.000006/0.000003% (left/right), and the third harmonic (150Hz) at -140dBrA, or 0.00001%. The worst-case power-supply-noise peaks are at 180Hz (third harmonic) and 300Hz (fifth harmonic), both around -130dBrA, or 0.00003%.

Intermodulation distortion FFT (18kHz + 19kHz summed stimulus, analog)

Shown above is an FFT of the intermodulation distortion (IMD) products for an 18kHz + 19kHz summed sine-wave stimulus tone measured at the output into a 200k-ohm load. The input RMS values are set at -6.02dBrA so that, if summed for a mean frequency of 18.5kHz, would yield 2Vrms (0dBrA) at the output. We find that the second-order modulation product (i.e., the difference signal of 1kHz) is at -125dBrA, or 0.00006%, while the third-order modulation products, at 17kHz and 20kHz, are at worst at -120dBrA, or 0.0001%.

Intermodulation distortion FFT (18kHz + 19kHz summed stimulus, 16/44.1)

Shown above is an FFT of the intermodulation distortion (IMD) products for an 18kHz + 19kHz summed sine-wave stimulus tone measured at the balanced output into 200k ohms for the coaxial input at 16/44.1. The input dBFS values are set at -6.02dBFS so that, if summed for a mean frequency of 18.5kHz, would yield 4.3Vrms (0dBrA) at the output. We find that the second-order modulation product (i.e., the difference signal of 1kHz) is near -115dBRA, or 0.0002%, and the third-order modulation products, at 17kHz and 20kHz, are slightly higher, at or above -110dBrA, or 0.0003%.

Intermodulation distortion FFT (18kHz + 19kHz summed stimulus, 24/96)

Shown above is an FFT of the intermodulation (IMD) products for an 18kHz + 19kHz summed sine-wave stimulus tone measured at the balanced output into 200k ohms for the coaxial input at 24/96. The input dBFS values are set at -6.02dBFS so that, if summed for a mean frequency of 18.5kHz, would yield 4Vrms (0dBrA) at the output. We find that the second-order modulation product (i.e., the difference signal of 1kHz) is at -120dBRA, or 0.0001%, while the third-order modulation products, at 17kHz and 20kHz, are higher, at just above and below -110dBrA, or 0.0003%.

Square-wave response (10kHz)

Above is the 10kHz square-wave response at the output into 200k ohms. Due to limitations inherent to the Audio Precision APx555 B Series analyzer, this graph should not be used to infer or extrapolate the Director Mk2’s slew-rate performance. Rather, it should be seen as a qualitative representation of its very high bandwidth. An ideal square wave can be represented as the sum of a sine wave and an infinite series of its odd-order harmonics (e.g., 10kHz + 30kHz + 50kHz + 70kHz . . .). A limited bandwidth will show only the sum of the lower-order harmonics, which may result in noticeable undershoot and/or overshoot, and softening of the edges. The Director Mk2’s reproduction of the 10kHz square wave is squeaky clean, with very sharp edges devoid of undershoot and overshoot, confirming its high bandwidth.

Diego Estan
Electronics Measurement Specialist

Details

Parent Category: Products

Category: Preamplifier Measurements

Created: 15 July 2021

Link: reviewed by Doug Schneider on SoundStage! Hi-Fi on July 15, 2021

General information

All measurements taken using an Audio Precision APx555 B Series analyzer.

The Accuphase C-2850 was conditioned for 30 minutes at 2Vrms at the output before any measurements were taken. All measurements were taken with both channels driven.

The C-2850 (as tested) is an analog line-level preamp offering several balanced (XLR) and unbalanced (RCA) inputs and outputs, and a headphone output (¼″ TRS). The volume control is implemented using a proprietary process Accuphase calls “Accuphase Analog Vari-gain Amplifier (AAVA).” This system works by converting the incoming analog signal from a voltage to a current in 16 weighted steps. Each step is digitally controlled and switched in or out of the circuit depending on the encoded position of the volume knob. The current from each step switched into the circuit is summed and converted back to a voltage. The 16 circuit steps are analogous to on/off bits, and therefore, the volume system allows for 65536 (2¹⁶) discrete positions. Accuphase has configured the volume control to provide 251 steps ranging from -95dB to 0dB. Between -95 and -85dB, step sizes are 5dB; between -80 and -74dB, 3dB; -74 to -60dB, 2dB; -60 to -50dB, 1 dB; -50 to -30dB, 0.5dB; -30 to -8, 0.2dB; and finally between -8 to 0dB, 0.1dB. Considering both the exquisite channel tracking (see table below) and the variable, ultra-fine adjustments, this may be the finest digitally controlled analog volume control available in a consumer product.

The C-2850 also offers three gain settings, both for line-level (12, 18, and 24dB) and for the headphone output (Low, Mid, and High). The preamp gain setting affects the headphone gain, where Low is -10dB relative the preamp setting, Mid is 0dB, and High is +10dB. This means there are nine possible gain settings for the headphone amp: 2, 8, 12, 14, 18, 22, 24, 28, and 34dB. Unless otherwise stated, all measurement data below were taken with the 12dB gain setting for the preamp, and the Mid gain setting for the headphone amp.

When using the unbalanced and balanced inputs and outputs, the C-2850 provides the same gain regardless of combination. That is to say, with the volume set to unity gain, if I fed 2Vrms into the unbalanced input, I measured 2Vrms at the unbalanced and balanced outputs. If I fed 2Vrms into the balanced input, I measured 2Vrms at the unbalanced and balanced outputs. It’s also important to highlight that Accuphase assigns pins 2/3 on their XLR connectors as inverting/noninverting, which is the opposite to what we typically find in North-American or European products. For example, if I fed an unbalanced input and measured phase at the balanced output, it was 180 degrees out-of-phase. To compensate for this, Accuphase provides a polarity-inverting switch on the front panel, which was tested and flips the polarity as advertised.

I found small differences in THD and noise between the RCA and XLR inputs and outputs for the same output voltage. The RCA outputs exhibited about 11dB (unweighted) more noise than the XLR outputs, while the RCA inputs (when measured at the XLR outputs) measured slightly worse in terms of THD compared to the XLR inputs (0.0005% vs 0.0003% at 1kHz). Unless otherwise stated, all measurement data below are with the balanced inputs and outputs, at 2Vrms with volume set to unity gain (-12dB). Signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) were measured with the volume at maximum position.

Volume-control accuracy (measured at preamp outputs): left-right channel tracking

Published specifications vs. our primary measurements

The table below summarizes the measurements published by Accuphase for the C-2850 compared directly against our own. The published specifications are sourced from Accuphase’s website, either directly or from the manual available for download, or a combination thereof. With the exception of frequency response, where the Audio Precision bandwidth is set at its maximum (DC to 1MHz), assume, unless otherwise stated, a measurement input bandwidth of 10Hz to 90kHz, and the worst case measured result between the left and right channel.

* The discrepancy in balanced output impedance may be due to Accuphase specifying this value for the inverting and noninverting pins separately. Our measurement considers both inputs on the balanced connector together. Treated separately, our measurement would be halved, or 48k ohms.

Our primary measurements revealed the following using the balanced line-level inputs (unless otherwise specified, assume a 1kHz sinewave, 2Vrms output into 200k ohms load, 10Hz to 90kHz bandwidth, 12dB gain setting):

Our primary measurements revealed the following using the balanced analog input and the headphone output (unless specified, assume a 1kHz sinewave at 2Vrms output, 300 ohms loading, 10Hz to 90kHz bandwidth, 12dB and Mid gain setting):

Frequency response

In our measured frequency response plot above, the C-2850 is near perfectly flat within the audioband (20Hz to 20kHz). The blue/red traces are without the 10Hz filter engaged, the purple/green traces with the 10Hz filter. These data do not quite corroborate Accuphase’s claim of 3Hz to 200kHz +0/-3dB (measured down to 5Hz). While at the upper end of the frequency spectrum, the -3dB point was measured at 200kHz, at low frequencies, Accuphase’s claim would imply that the C-2850 is DC coupled, whereas our measurements indicate AC coupling. Nevertheless, at the extremes of the audioband, we measured only -0.35dB at 20Hz (-1dB with filter on) and -0.04dB at 20kHz. The C-2850 can be considered a high-bandwidth audio device. In the graph above and most of the graphs below, only a single trace may be visible. This is because the left channel (blue or purple trace) is performing identically to the right channel (red or green trace), and so they perfectly overlap, indicating that the two channels are ideally matched.

Frequency response (Compensator dial 1, 2, and 3 positions)

Above are four frequency response plots for the balanced line-level input, with the Compensator control set to Off (blue/red), 1 (purple/light green), 2 (pink/cyan), and 3 (brown/dark green). We see what appears to be conventional bass-control EQ with various degrees of gain. At position 1, just under +3dB at 20Hz, position 2 yields about +5.5dB at 20Hz, and position 3 about +8.3dB.

Phase response

Above is the phase response plot from 20Hz to 20kHz, with the Phase control disabled (blue/red) and enabled (purple/green). The C-2850 does not invert polarity, while setting the Phase control to Invert does exactly that—it provides -180 degrees of shift. Since these data were collected using the balanced input and output, there is no phase inversion. However, since Accuphase assigns pins 2/3 on their XLR connectors as inverting/noninverting, the opposite to what we typically find in North American or European products, feeding the signal into an unbalanced input and measuring on the balanced output would yield the exact opposite of what is shown above.

THD ratio (unweighted) vs. frequency

The chart above shows THD ratios at the output as a function of frequency (20Hz to 20kHz) for a 2Vrms sine-wave input stimulus. The blue and red plots are for left and right into 200k ohms, while purple/green (L/R) are into 600 ohms. THD values are very low, near 0.0001% around 50-60Hz 20Hz, and around 0.0003-0.0004% through most of the audioband. The worst-case THD values are at 20Hz (0.001%) and 20kHz (0.001% into 600 ohms and 0.0007% into 200k ohms). Overall, the 600 and 200k-ohms load THD data are nearly identical.

THD ratio (unweighted) vs. output voltage at 1kHz

The plot above shows THD ratios measured at the output of the C-2850  as a function of output voltage into 200k ohms with a 1kHz input sine wave. At the 10mVrms level, THD values measured around 0.003%, dipping down to around 0.00009% at 0.4Vrms. The “knee” occurs at around 7Vrms, hitting the 1% THD just past 8Vrms.

THD+N ratio (unweighted) vs. output voltage at 1kHz

The plot above shows THD+N ratios measured at the output the C-2850 as a function of output voltage into 200k ohms with a 1kHz input sinewave. At the 10mVrms level, THD+N values measured around 0.05%, dipping down to around 0.0005% from 1.5 to 5Vrms.

FFT spectrum – 1kHz

Shown above is the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for a 1kHz input sine-wave stimulus at 2Vrms, measured at the output into a 200k-ohm load. We see that the signal’s second harmonic, at 2kHz, is at -110dBrA or 0.0003%, while the third harmonic, at 3 kHz, is at -125dBrA or 0.00005%. Below 1kHz, we see some noise artifacts, with the 60Hz peak due to power supply noise visible at -145/-130dBrA (left/right), or 0.000006/0.00002%, and the 120Hz (second harmonic) peak just below -130dBrA.

FFT spectrum – 50Hz

Shown above is the FFT for a 50Hz input sinewave stimulus at 2Vrms measured at the output into a 200k-ohm load. The X axis is zoomed in from 40Hz to 1kHz, so that peaks from noise artifacts can be directly compared against peaks from the harmonics of the signal. Here we find the second harmonic of the signal (100Hz) and the third harmonic of the signal (150Hz) at -120/-125dBrA respectively, or 0.0001/0.00006%. The worst-case power supply peak is at 120Hz measuring just below -130dBrA, or 0.00003%.

Intermodulation distortion FFT (18kHz + 19kHz summed stimulus)

Shown above is an FFT of the intermodulation (IMD) products for an 18kHz + 19kHz summed sinewave stimulus tone measured at the output into a 200k-ohm load. The input RMS values are set at -6.02dBrA so that, if summed for a mean frequency of 18.5kHz, would yield 2Vrms (0dBrA) at the output. We find that the second-order modulation product (i.e., the difference signal of 1kHz) is at -110dBrA, or 0.0003%, while the third-order modulation products, at 17kHz and 20kHz are at and just above -120dBrA, or 0.0001%.

Square-wave response (10kHz)

Above is the 10kHz square-wave response at the output into 200k ohms. Due to limitations inherent to the Audio Precision APx555 B Series analyzer, this graph should not be used to infer or extrapolate the C-2850’s slew-rate performance. Rather, it should be seen as a qualitative representation of its high bandwidth. An ideal square wave can be represented as the sum of a sinewave and an infinite series of its odd-order harmonics (e.g., 10kHz + 30kHz + 50kHz + 70kHz . . .). A limited bandwidth will show only the sum of the lower-order harmonics, which may result in noticeable undershoot and/or overshoot, and softening of the edges. The C-2850’s reproduction of the 10kHz square wave is squeaky clean, with very sharp edges devoid of undershoot and overshoot.

Diego Estan
Electronics Measurement Specialist

Details

Parent Category: Products

Category: Preamplifier Measurements

Created: 15 June 2021

Link: reviewed by Gordon Brockhouse on SoundStage! Simplifi on June 15, 2021

General Information

All measurements taken using an Audio Precision APx555 B Series analyzer.

The BR-20 was conditioned for 30 minutes at 0dBFS (4Vrms out) into 200k ohms before any measurements were taken.

The BR-20 offers a multitude of digital and analog inputs, two balanced outputs (XLR) and one headphone output (1/4″ TRS). Comparisons were made between unbalanced and balanced line-level inputs, and aside from the 6dB extra voltage gain seen when using the unbalanced inputs, no difference was measured in terms of THD+N. Comparisons were made between optical, coaxial, and AES/EBU digital inputs; no differences were seen in terms of THD+N. For the measurements below, unless otherwise specified, the coaxial digital input (0dBFS), and the balanced analog input (2 or 4Vrms) were used, with the volume control set to unity gain (0dB). With the volume set to unity, a 0dBFS digital input yields 4Vrms at the output. Signal-to-noise and dynamic-range measurements were made with the volume at maximum (12dB gain).

The BR-20 analog volume control is digitally controlled and offers a range from -67dB to +12dB in 0.5dB steps (except below -30dB, where gain steps range from 4 to 1dB).

Volume-control accuracy (measured at preamp outputs): left-right channel tracking

Published specifications vs. our primary measurements

The table below summarizes the measurements published by Bryston for the BR-20 compared directly against our own. The published specifications are sourced from Bryston’s website, either directly or from the manual available for download, or a combination thereof. With the exception of frequency response, where the Audio Precision bandwidth is set at its maximum (DC to 1MHz), assume a measurement input bandwidth of 10Hz to 90kHz, 200k ohms load, and the worst case measured result between the left and right analog balanced input.

Our primary measurements revealed the following using the coaxial digital input, the balanced analog input and the balanced line-level outputs (unless specified, assume a 1kHz sinewave at 0dBFS or 4Vrms, 200k ohms loading, 10Hz to 90kHz bandwidth):

Our primary measurements revealed the following using the balanced analog input and the headphone output (unless specified, assume a 1kHz sinewave at 2Vrms output, 300 ohms loading, 10Hz to 90kHz bandwidth):

Frequency response (analog)

In our measured frequency response plot above, the BR-20 is perfectly flat within the audioband (20Hz to 20kHz), and only about -0.25dB at 100kHz. These data corroborate Bryston’s claim of 20Hz to 20kHz, +/-0.5dB. The BR-20 can be considered a high-bandwidth audio device. In the graph above and most of the graphs below, only a single trace may be visible. This is because the left channel (blue, purple or orange trace) is performing identically to the right channel (red, green or pink trace), and so they perfectly overlap, indicating that the two channels are ideally matched.

Frequency response vs. input type (16/44.1, 24/96, 24/192, analog)

The plot above shows the BR-20’s frequency response as a function of sample rate. The blue/red traces are for a 16bit/44.1kHz dithered digital input signal from 5Hz to 22kHz, the purple/green traces are for a 24/96 dithered digital input signal from 5Hz to 48kHz, and finally orange/pink represents 24/192 from 5Hz to 96kHz. In addition, for comparison, the analog frequency response is shown in green (up to 80kHz). The behavior at lower frequencies is the same for all plots; perfectly flat down to 5Hz. The behavior at high frequencies for all three digital sample rates is as expected, offering sharp filtering around 22k, 48k, and 96kHz (half the respective sample rates). The -3dB point for each sample rate is roughly 21, 45 and 58kHz, respectively. It is also obvious from the plots above that the 44.1kHz sampled input signal offers the most “brick-wall” type behavior, while the attenuation of the 96kHz and 192kHz sampled input signals approaching the corner frequencies (48kHz and 96kHz) is more gentle.

Phase response (analog)

Above is the phase response plot from 20Hz to 20kHz for the analog balanced input. The BR-20 does not invert polarity, and the plot shows essentially no phase shift.

Phase response vs. sample rate  (16/44.1, 24/96, 24/192)

Above are the phase response plots from 20Hz to 20kHz for the coaxial input, measured at balanced output. The blue/red traces are for a dithered 16/44.1 input at 0dBFS, the purple/green for 24/96, and the orange/pink for 24/192. We can see that the BR-20 introduces an inversion of polarity (+180 degrees) with digital signals. At 20kHz, the phase shift is at around -80 degrees (from the +180 degree baseline) for the 16/44.1 input data and +70 degrees for the 24/96 input data. The 24/192 input data shows just over +20 degrees at 20kHz.

NOTE: We were supplied with an early sample of the BR-20. Bryston has indicated to us that they have since addressed the phase inversion issue. According to Bryston, current BR-20s do not exhibit phase inversion on the digital inputs.

Digital linearity (16/44.1 and 24/96 data)

The graph above shows the results of a linearity test for the coaxial digital input (the optical input performed identically) for both 16/44.1 (blue/red) and 24/96 (purple/green) input data, measured at the balanced line-level output of the BR-20. The digital input is swept with a dithered 1kHz input signal from -120dBFS to 0dBFS, and the output is analyzed by the APx555. The ideal response is a straight flat line at 0dB (i.e., the amplitude of the digital input perfectly matches the amplitude of the measured analog output). Both input data types exhibited exemplary linearity. The 16/44.1 data showed a worst-case deviation of only +2dB at -120dBFS, while the 24/96 was essentially perfect (i.e., flat) down to -120dBFS. The sweep was also performed down to -140dBFS to test the limits of the BR-20. Predictably, the 16/44.1 data showed significant deviations below -120dBFS; however, the 24/96 data tracked the input stimuli extremely well all the way down to -140dBFS, showing a worst-case deviation of only -3.5dB at -135dBFS.

Impulse response (16/44.1 and 24/96 data)

The graph above shows the impulse responses for a -20dBFS 16/44.1 dithered input stimulus (blue), and -20dBFS 24/96 dithered input stimulus (purple), measured at the balanced line level output of the BR-20. The implemented filter appears to be designed for minimized pre-impulse ringing. This chart also shows that the BR-20 inverts the polarity of digital input signals.

NOTE: We were supplied with an early sample of the BR-20. Bryston has indicated to us that they have since addressed the phase inversion issue. According to Bryston, current BR-20s do not exhibit phase inversion on the digital inputs.

J-Test (coaxial input)

The plot above shows the results of the J-Test test for the coaxial digital input measured at the balanced line-level output of the BR-20. The J-Test was developed by Julian Dunn the 1990s. It is a test signal, specifically a -3dBFS, undithered, 12kHz, 24-bit square wave sampled (in this case) at 48kHz. Since even the first odd harmonic (i.e., 36kHz) of the 12kHz square wave is removed by the bandwidth limitation of the sampling rate, we are left with a 12kHz sinewave (the main peak). In addition, an undithered 250Hz square wave at -144dBFS is mixed with the signal. This test file causes the 22 least-significant bits to constantly toggle, which produces strong jitter spectral components at the 250Hz rate and its odd harmonics. The test file shows how susceptible the DAC and delivery interface are to jitter, which would manifest as peaks above the noise floor at 500Hz intervals (e.g., 250Hz, 750Hz, 1250Hz, etc). Note that the alternating peaks are in the test file itself, but at levels of -144dBrA (fundamental at 250Hz) down to -170dBrA for the odd harmonics.  The test file can also be used in conjunction with artificially injected sinewave jitter by the Audio Precision, to also show how well the DAC rejects jitter.

The coaxial input shows a virtually perfect J-test FFT. The -144dBrA 250Hz tone (which is in the file) can just be seen above the noise floor, and, with the exception of a small peak below 6kHz, there are virtually no other artifacts above the noise floor. This is an indication that the BR-20 should not be sensitive to jitter.

To test jitter immunity further, the APx555 was used to artificially inject 2kHz sinewave jitter. Without any jitter rejection by the DAC, this would manifest in the FFT as sideband peaks at 10kHz and 14kHz. However, even with the maximum allowable jitter magnitude of 1592ns, no peaks were seen. This is another indication that the BR-20 is essentially impervious to jitter.

J-Test (optical input)

The optical input shows essentially the same J-test FFT result as the coaxial input. There is a visible peak just above 6kHz, higher in amplitude than for the coaxial input, but still vanishingly low at just below -140dBrA.

Wideband FFT spectrum of white noise and 19.1kHz sinewave tone (coaxial input)

The plot above shows a fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the BR-20’s balanced line-level output with white noise at -4dBFS (blue/red), and a 19.1kHz sinewave at 0dBFS fed to the coaxial digital input, sampled at 16/44.1 (purple/green). The sharp roll-off above 20kHz in the white noise spectrum shows the implementation of the brick-wall-type reconstruction filter. There are absolutely no imaged aliasing artifacts in the audioband above the -135dBrA noise floor. The primary aliasing signal at 25kHz is at -100dBrA, while the second and third distortion harmonics (38.2, 57.3kHz) of the 19.1kHz tone range from the same level up to -80dBrA.

THD ratio (unweighted) vs. frequency vs. load (analog)

The plot above shows THD ratios at the output of the BR-20 as a function of frequency (20Hz to 20kHz) for a sinewave input stimulus of 2Vrms at the analog balanced input. The blue and red plots are for the left and right channels into 200k ohms, while purple/green (left/right) are into 600 ohms. THD values are extremely low: about 0.00005-0.00008% into 200k ohms from 20Hz to 3kHz, climbing to 0.0004% at 20kHz. The 600-ohm data yielded slightly higher THD values, especially at the extremes (20Hz and 20kHz), where THD values were measured at 0.0006% and just above 0.001% (right channel). At 600 ohms, the left channel outperformed the right by about 5dB, starting above 50Hz. It’s important to point out that the BR-20’s analog input THD performance is not too far from the limits of the APx555 analyzer, which is about 0.000015% at this voltage level.

THD ratio (unweighted) vs. frequency vs. load (24/96)

The chart above shows THD ratios at the balanced line-level output into 200k ohms (blue/red) and 600 ohms (purple/green) as a function of frequency for a 24/96, dithered, 1kHz 0dBFS signal at the coaxial digital input. The 200k and 600 ohms data are very close from 50Hz to 1kHz, hovering around a very low 0.0007%. At the frequency extremes, THD increased into 600 ohms vs 200k ohms, where we see 0.003% vs 0.0007% at 20Hz, and 0.015% vs 0.01% at 20kHz.

THD ratio (unweighted) vs. frequency vs. sample rate (16/44.1 and 24/96)

The chart above shows THD ratios at the balanced line-level output into 200k ohms as a function of frequency for a 16/44.1 (blue/red) and a 24/96 (purple/green) dithered 1kHz 0dBFS signal at the coaxial digital input. Both data input types performed almost identically. We see THD values around 0.0007% from 20Hz to 1kHz, then a climb to 0.01% at 20kHz.

THD ratio (unweighted) vs. output (analog)

The chart above shows THD ratios measured at the output the BR-20 as a function of output voltage into 200k ohms with a 1kHz input sinewave at the balanced analog input. For this sweep, the volume was set to maximum. At the 1mVrms level, THD values measured around 0.2%, dipping down to around 0.00006% at 4-5Vrms. The “knee” occurs at around 10Vrms, hitting the 1% THD just past 14Vrms.

THD ratio (unweighted) vs. output (16/44.1 and 24/96)

The chart above shows THD ratios measured at the balanced output as a function of output voltage for the coaxial digital input into 200k ohms from -90dBFS to 0dBFS at 16/44.1 (blue/red) and 24/96 (purple/green). The 24/96 outperformed the 16/44.1 data, with a THD range from 0.3% at 1mVrms to 0.00015% at 3Vrms, while the 16/44.1 ranged from 4% at 1mVrms down to 0.0005% at 7-9Vrms.

THD+N ratio (unweighted) vs. output (analog)

The plot above shows THD+N ratios measured at the output the BR-20 as a function of output voltage into 200k ohms with a 1kHz input sinewave at the balanced analog input. At the 1mVrms level, THD+N values measured around 4%, dipping down to around 0.0005% at 10Vrms.

THD+N ratio (unweighted) vs. output (16/44.1 and 24/96)

The chart above shows THD+N ratios measured at the balanced output as a function of output voltage for the coaxial digital input into 200k ohms from -90dBFS to 0dBFS at 16/44.1 (blue/red) and 24/96 (purple/green). The 24/96 outperformed the 16/44.1 data, with a THD+N range from 6% at 1mVrms down to 0.0008% at 7-10Vrms, while the 16/44.1 data ranged from 35% at 1mVrms down to 0.003% at the 10Vrms “knee.”

FFT spectrum – 1kHz (analog at 2Vrms)

Shown above is the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for a 1kHz 2Vrms input sinewave stimulus at the balanced analog input, measured at the output into a 200k-ohm load. We see that the signal’s second harmonic, at 2kHz, is at a vanishingly low -140dBrA, or 0.00001%, while the third harmonic, at 3kHz, is just slightly above at -135dBrA, or 0.00002%. Below 1kHz, we don’t see any noise artifacts above the noise floor.

FFT spectrum – 1kHz (digital input, 16/44.1 data at 0dBFS)

Shown above is the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for a dithered 1kHz 0dBFS input sinewave stimulus, measured at the balanced output into 200k ohm for the coaxial digital input, sampled at 16/44.1. We see signal harmonics at -110dBrA, or 0.0003%, at 2kHz, and -100dBrA, or 0.001%, at 3kHz.

FFT spectrum – 1kHz (digital input, 24/96 data at 0dBFS)

Shown above is the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for a dithered 1kHz 0dBFS input sinewave stimulus, measured at the balanced output into 200k ohm for the coaxial digital input, sampled at 24/96. We see signal harmonics at -110dBrA, or 0.0003%, at 2kHz, and -100dBrA, or 0.001%, at 3kHz, as well as lower level signal harmonics at 4/5/6/7 kHz at -130dBrA, or 0.00003% and below.

FFT spectrum – 1kHz (digital input, 16/44.1 data at -90dBFS)

Shown above is the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for a dithered 1kHz input sinewave stimulus, measured at the balanced output into 200k ohms for the coaxial digital input, sampled at 16/44.1 at -90dBFS. We see no signal harmonics above the noise floor within the audioband.

FFT spectrum – 1kHz (digital input, 24/96 data at -90dBFS)

Shown above is the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for a dithered 1kHz input sinewave stimulus, measured at the balanced output into 200k ohm for the coaxial digital input, sampled at 24/96 at -90dBFS. We see no signal harmonics above the noise floor within the audioband.

FFT spectrum – 50Hz (analog at 2Vrms)

Shown above is the FFT for a 50Hz 2Vrms input sinewave stimulus at the balanced analog input measured at the output into a 200k-ohm load. The X axis is zoomed in from 40Hz to 1kHz, so that peaks from noise artifacts can be directly compared against peaks from the harmonics of the signal. We find the second and third harmonic of the signal (100/150Hz) just peaking above the -140dBrA noise floor, and once again, no power-supply noise peaks are visible.

Intermodulation distortion FFT (18kHz + 19kHz summed stimulus, analog)

Shown above is an FFT of the intermodulation distortion (IMD) products for an 18kHz + 19kHz summed sinewave stimulus tone for the balanced analog input measured at the output into a 200k-ohm load. The input RMS values are set at -6.02dBrA so that, if summed for a mean frequency of 18.5kHz, would yield 2Vrms (0dBrA) at the output. We find that the second-order modulation product (i.e., the difference signal of 1kHz) is at -125dBrA, or 0.00006%, while the third-order modulation products, at 17kHz and 20kHz are at around -120dBrA, or 0.0001%.

Intermodulation distortion FFT (18kHz + 19kHz summed stimulus, 16/44.1)

Shown above is an FFT of the intermodulation (IMD) products for an 18kHz + 19kHz summed sinewave stimulus tone measured at the balanced output into 200k ohms for the coaxial digital input at 16/44.1. The input dBFS values are set at -6.02dBFS so that, if summed for a mean frequency of 18.5kHz, would yield 4Vrms (0dBrA) at the output. We find that the second-order modulation product (i.e., the difference signal of 1kHz) is at -115dBRA, or 0.0002%, while the third-order modulation products, at 17kHz and 20kHz, are higher, at about -100dBrA, or 0.001%.

Intermodulation distortion FFT (18kHz + 19kHz summed stimulus, 24/96)

Shown above is an FFT of the intermodulation (IMD) products for an 18kHz + 19kHz summed sinewave stimulus tone measured at the balanced output into 200k ohms for the coaxial digital input at 24/96. The input dBFS values are set at -6.02dBFS so that, if summed for a mean frequency of 18.5kHz, would yield 4Vrms (0dBrA) at the output. We find that the second-order modulation product (i.e., the difference signal of 1kHz) is at -115dBRA, or 0.0002%, while the third-order modulation products, at 17kHz and 20kHz, are higher, at above -100dBrA, or 0.001%.

Square-wave response (10kHz)

Above is the 10kHz square-wave response for the balanced analog input at the output into 200k ohms. Due to limitations inherent to the Audio Precision APx555 B Series analyzer, this chart should not be used to infer or extrapolate the BR-20’s slew-rate performance. Rather, it should be seen as a qualitative representation of its very high bandwidth. An ideal square wave can be represented as the sum of a sinewave and an infinite series of its odd-order harmonics (e.g., 10kHz + 30kHz + 50kHz + 70kHz . . .). A limited bandwidth will show only the sum of the lower-order harmonics, which may result in noticeable undershoot and/or overshoot, and softening of the edges. The BR-20’s reproduction of the 10kHz square wave is squeaky clean, with very sharp edges devoid of undershoot and overshoot.

Diego Estan
Electronics Measurement Specialist

Details

Parent Category: Products

Category: Preamplifier Measurements

Created: 15 April 2021

Link: reviewed by Doug Schneider on SoundStage! Hi-Fi on April 15, 2021

General information

All measurements taken using an Audio Precision APx555 B Series analyzer.

The LINEb was conditioned for 30 minutes at 2Vrms at the output before any measurements were taken. All measurements were taken with both channels driven.

The LINEb offers two sets of line-level unbalanced (RCA) inputs, four sets of line-level balanced (XLR) inputs, and two sets of balanced (XLR) outputs. The volume control is implemented using relays and a discrete high-precision resistor ladder. The RCA inputs yield 6dB more gain than the XLR inputs, with a range from –51.4dB (volume position 1 on the display) to +11.8dB (volume position 64). The XLR inputs range from -57.4dB to +5.8dB. The volume control offers 1dB steps from 1 to 56, 0.5dB from 56 to 57, 1dB from 58 to 61, 1.5dB from 61 to 63, and 2dB from 63 to 64. Unity gain (+0.1dB) is achieved at position 60 for the XLR inputs, 54 (-0.1dB) for the RCA inputs. Channel volume tracking is superb (see table below).

There is an Audio Gnd switch on the LINEb back panel. Presumably, this switch disconnects audio ground from chassis/earth ground. I found no differences in noise performance with the switch in the off or on position. It was left on for the measurements.

I found effectively no difference in THD+N values between the RCA and XLR inputs for the same output voltage. I attempted to optimize the volume position to achieve the best signal-to-noise (SNR) and THD+N measurements; however, I found only small differences with the volume at various positions (for the same output voltage). Most measurements were made with the volume set to unity gain (60) using the XLR inputs.

Volume-control accuracy (measured at preamp outputs): left-right channel tracking

Published specifications vs. our primary measurements

The table below summarizes the measurements published by Karan Acoustics for the LINEb compared directly against our own. The published specifications are sourced from Karan Acoustic’s website, either directly or from the manual available for download, or a combination thereof. With the exception of frequency response, where the Audio Precision bandwidth is set at its maximum (DC to 1MHz), assume, unless otherwise stated, a measurement input bandwidth of 10Hz to 90kHz, and the worst-case measured result between the left and right channels.

* The discrepancy in balanced input/output impedances may be due to Karan specifying this value for the inverting and noninverting pins separately. Our measurement considers both inputs/outputs on the balanced connector together. Treated separately, our measurement would be halved, or, respectively, 28.5k ohms and 90 ohms for the input and output impedances.

Our primary measurements revealed the following using the balanced line-level inputs (unless specified, assume a 1kHz sine wave, 2Vrms output into 200k ohms load, 10Hz to 90kHz bandwidth):

Frequency response

In our measured frequency-response chart above, the LINEb is perfectly flat within the audioband (20Hz to 20kHz) and beyond. These data partially corroborate Karan Acoustics’ claim of 20Hz to 20kHz +/-0dB, 1.5Hz to 3MHz (-3dB). However, since the Audio Precision can only sweep to just past 200kHz, we cannot verify the -3dB at 3MHz claim portion. The LINEb is at 0dB at 5Hz, and at about -0.2dB at 200kHz. To state that the LINEb is a high-bandwidth audio device would be an understatement.

In the graph above and most of the graphs below, only a single trace may be visible. This is because the left channel (blue or purple trace) is performing identically to the right channel (red or green trace), and so they overlap perfectly, indicating that the two channels are ideally matched.

Phase response

Above is the phase-response chart from 20Hz to 20kHz. The LINEb does not invert polarity, and the plot shows essentially no phase shift within the audioband.

THD ratio (unweighted) vs. frequency

The chart above shows THD ratios at the output as a function of frequency (20Hz to 20kHz) for a sine-wave input stimulus. The blue and red plots are for left and right channels into 200k ohms, while purple/green (L/R) are into 600 ohms. THD values are very low, about 0.00004% into 200k ohms from 20Hz to 1kHz, and, most impressively, even lower at about 0.00003% into a 600-ohm load. There is a rise in THD values above 1kHz, where at 20kHz, the 600-ohm data are about 0.0003%, and the 200k-ohm data are lower at about 0.0002%, which are still extremely low figures.

THD ratio (unweighted) vs. output voltage at 1kHz

The chart above shows THD ratios measured at the output of the LINEb as a function of output voltage into 200k ohms with a 1kHz input sine wave. At the 10mVrms level, THD values measured around 0.007%, dipping down to around 0.00003% at 3Vrms. The “knee” occurs at around 18Vrms, hitting the 1% THD just past 20Vrms. It’s important to note here that the LINEb’s extraordinarily low THD values are approaching the limits of the Audio Precision analyzer, which, when measured in loopback mode (generator feeding analyzer) measures about 50% lower than the LINEb (at 3Vrms), at about 0.000015%. It’s also important to mention that anything above 2-4Vrms is not typically required to drive most power amps into full power.

THD+N ratio (unweighted) vs. output voltage at 1kHz

The chart above shows THD+N ratios measured at the output the LINEb as a function of output voltage into 200k ohms with a 1kHz input sine wave. At the 10mVrms level, THD+N values measured around 0.1-0.2%, dipping down to around 0.0002% at 10Vrms.

FFT spectrum – 1kHz

Shown above is the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for a 1kHz input sine-wave stimulus, measured at the output into a 200k-ohm load. The red is the right channel, the blue the left. We see that the signal’s second harmonic, at 2kHz, is at a vanishingly low -140dBrA, or 0.00001%, while the third harmonic, at 3kHz, is just slightly above -140dBrA. Below 1kHz, we see some noise artifacts, with the 60Hz peak due to power supply-noise barely perceptible on the left channel below -140dBrA, and the 180Hz (third harmonic) peak just above -140dBrA. The right channel does not appear to show any noise peaks above the very low -150dBrA noise floor.

FFT spectrum – 50Hz

Shown above is the FFT for a 50Hz input sine-wave stimulus measured at the output into a 200k-ohm load. The X axis is zoomed in from 40Hz to 1kHz, so that peaks from noise artifacts can be directly compared against peaks from the harmonics of the signal. Here again, there are barely any noticeable peaks. We find the third harmonic of the signal (150Hz) just peaking above the -150dBrA noise floor, or 0.000003%, and the left channel showing the third-harmonic noise peak (180Hz) just above -140dBrA, or 0.00001%.

Intermodulation distortion FFT (18kHz + 19kHz summed stimulus)

Shown above is an FFT of the intermodulation distortion (IMD) products for an 18kHz + 19kHz summed sine-wave stimulus tone measured at the output into a 200k-ohm load. The input RMS values are set at -6.02dBrA so that, if summed for a mean frequency of 18.5kHz, would yield 2Vrms (0dBrA) at the output. We find that the second-order modulation product (i.e., the difference signal of 1kHz) is at -125dBrA, or 0.00006%, while the third-order modulation products, at 17kHz and 20kHz are at -130dBrA and -125dBrA, or 0.00003% and 0.00006%, respectively. These extraordinarily low harmonic peaks are reflected in the IMD values in our primary table of -113/-115dB, which represent the sum of the second- and third-order intermodulation product peaks.

Square-wave response (10kHz)

Shown above is the 10kHz square-wave response at the output into 200k ohms. Due to limitations inherent to the Audio Precision APx555 B Series analyzer, this chart should not be used to infer or extrapolate the LINEb’s slew-rate performance. Rather, it should be seen as a qualitative representation of its very high bandwidth. An ideal square wave can be represented as the sum of a sine wave and an infinite series of its odd-order harmonics (e.g., 10kHz + 30kHz + 50kHz + 70kHz . . .). A limited bandwidth will show only the sum of the lower-order harmonics, which may result in noticeable undershoot and/or overshoot, and softening of the edges, in the square-wave representation. As mentioned above, the LINEb is a very high-bandwidth component. Correspondingly, the LINEb’s reproduction of the 10kHz square wave is squeaky clean, with very sharp edges devoid of undershoot or overshoot.

Diego Estan
Electronics Measurement Specialist

Details

Parent Category: Products

Category: Phono Preamplifier Measurements

Created: 01 January 2024

Link: reviewed by Matt Bonaccio on SoundStage! Hi-Fi on January 1, 2024

General information

All measurements taken using an Audio Precision APx555 B Series analyzer.

The Darlington Labs MP-7 and SU-7 were conditioned for 30 minutes at 1Vrms at the output before any measurements were taken.

The MP-7 and SU-7 each offer one pair of unbalanced RCA inputs and outputs. The MP-7 on its own is designed for a moving-magnet (MM) cartridge with a set gain of 40dB, 47k ohms input impedance, and 100pF of input capacitance. The SU-7 is a step-up amplifier designed to be used in series with and ahead of the MP-7 for low-output moving-coil (MC) cartridges. The SU-7 offers four gain settings: 12, 18, 23, 26dB. It also offers seven input-impedance settings: 47, 100, 220, 470, 1k, 5k, 47k ohms.

Unless otherwise specified, the MP-7 was used on its own for the MM use case, and the SU-7 was used ahead of and in series with the MP-7 with the gain set to 23dB (63dB total) and input impedance set to 220 ohms for the MC use case.  Using the default settings above, to achieve the reference output voltage of 1Vrms at 1 kHz, 11mVrms was required for the MM configuration, and 0.9mVrms for the MC configuration.

Published specifications vs. our primary measurements

The table below summarizes the measurements published by Darlington Labs for the MP-7 and SU-7 compared directly against our own. The published specifications are sourced from Darlington Labs’ website, either directly or from the manual available for download, or a combination thereof. With the exception of frequency response, where the Audio Precision bandwidth was set at its maximum (DC to 1MHz), assume, unless otherwise stated, 1Vrms output into 100k ohms and a measurement input bandwidth of 10Hz to 22.4kHz, and the worst-case measured result between the left and right channels. For the MC gain setting measurements, the input impedance was set to 47k ohms. The MP-7 and SU-7 specifications were measured separately.

Our primary measurements revealed the following using the MM configuration (unless specified, assume a 1kHz sinewave, 1Vrms output into a 100k ohms load, 10Hz to 22.4kHz bandwidth):

Our primary measurements revealed the following using the MC configuration (unless specified, assume a 1kHz sinewave, 1Vrms output into a 100k ohms load, 10Hz to 22.4kHz bandwidth):

*SU-7 measured on its own without MP-7

Frequency response - MM input

Above are our measured frequency-response plots (relative to 1kHz) for the MM configuration. An inverse RIAA EQ is applied to the input sweep, so that if a device were to track the RIAA curve perfectly, a flat line would emerge. The MP-7 is within +/-0.5dB or so of flat from 20Hz to 20kHz. The worst-case deviation can be seen at 30Hz, with a +0.5dB rise. At 20kHz, the response is at -0.1dB. These data do not quite corroborate Darlington Labs’ claim of 20Hz to 20kHz +/-0.2dB. The worst-case channel-to-channel deviation is roughly 0.1dB, from 100Hz to 300Hz and 3kHz to 6kHz. In the graph above and some of the graphs below, we see two visible traces: the left channel (blue or purple) and the right channel (red or green). On other graphs, only one trace may be visible. When one trace is visible it is because the left and right channels are tracking extremely closely, so they do not to show a difference with the chosen axis scales.

Frequency response - MC input

In our measured frequency-response plot above for the MC configuration, the MP-7 and SU-7 yields virtually the same results as with the MM configuration (MP-7 on its own) above. Of note is that only the MP-7 implements the RIAA equalization curve.

Phase response - MM and MC inputs

Above is the phase response for the MM and MC configuration, from 20Hz to 20kHz. The MP-7 and SU-7 do not invert polarity. Since phono preamplifiers must implement the RIAA equalization curve, which ranges from +19.9dB (20Hz) to -32.6dB (90kHz), phase shift at the output is inevitable. Here we find a worst-case -60 degrees around 200Hz and -90 degrees at 20kHz.

THD ratio (unweighted) vs. frequency - MM and MC inputs

The chart above shows THD ratios as a function of frequency, where the input sweep is EQ’d with an inverted RIAA curve. The output voltage is maintained at the refrence 1Vrms. The red/blue (L/R) traces represent the MM configuration (MP-7), and purple/green for the MC configuration (SU-7 + MP-7). THD ratios are essentially identical for both MM and MC configurations, ranging from 0.15% from 20Hz to 200Hz, down to 0.1% at 1-2kHz, then up to 0.3% at 20kHz.

THD ratio (unweighted) vs. output voltage at 1kHz - MM and MC inputs

The chart above shows THD ratios as a function of output voltage. The red/blue (L/R) traces represent the MM configuration, and purple/green the MC configuration. THD ratios are essentially identical for both MM and MC configurations, ranging from 0.01% from 50mVrms to 100mVrms, then a steady rise to just past 2% at roughly 15Vrms. The 1% THD mark was reached at 9.1Vrms. At an output of 0.5Vrms, where the input for the MM configuartion is very close to the standard 5mVrms (and 0.5mVrms for the MC configuratiuon), THD ratios are 0.05%.

THD+N ratio (unweighted) vs. output voltage at 1kHz - MM and MC inputs

The chart above shows THD+N ratios as a function of output voltage. The red/blue (L/R) traces represent the MM configuration, and purple/green the MC configuration. THD+N ratios are essentially identical for both MM and MC configurations above 2Vrms, where THD dominates, ranging from 0.2% up to 2% at 15Vrms. At low output voltages (50mVrms to 1Vrms), where noise is more dominant, the left channel for the MC configuration exhibited higher THD+N ratios, ranging from 3.5% at 50mVrms down to 0.2% at 1Vrms. The right-channel MC configuration THD+N ratios ranged from 1% at 50mVrms down to 0.1% at 1Vrms. The left and right channels for the MM configuration THD+N ratios ranged from 0.5% at 50mVrms down to 0.1% at 1Vrms.

THD+N ratio (A-weighted) vs. output voltage at 1kHz - MM and MC inputs

The chart above shows THD+N ratios (A-weighted) as a function of output voltage. The red/blue (L/R) traces represent the MM configuration, and purple/green the MC configuration. THD+N ratios are essentially identical for both MM and MC configurations above 0.5Vrms, where THD dominates, ranging from 0.06% up to 2% at 15Vrms. At low output voltages (50mVrms to 0.5Vrms), where noise is more dominant, the MC configuration exhibited higher THD+N ratios, ranging from 0.2% at 50mVrms down to 0.05% at 1Vrms. The MM configuration THD+N ratios ranged from 0.1% at 50mVrms down to 0.04% at 0.2-0.3Vrms.

FFT spectrum, 1kHz - MM input

Shown above is a fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of a 1kHz input sinewave stimulus for the MM configuration, which results in the reference voltage of 1Vrms (0dBrA) at the output. Signal harmonics are dominated by the second harmonic (2kHz) at a high -60dBrA, or 0.1%, while the third harmonic (3kHz) can be seen at -90dBrA, or 0.003%. No further signal harmonics can be seen above the -120dBrA noise floor. On the left side of the signal peak, the dominant peak is from the power supply’s second harmonic (120Hz) at -70dBrA, or 0.03%, while higher-order even-order harmonics can also be seen at -80dBrA, or 0.01%, and below.

FFT spectrum, 1kHz - MC input

Shown above is a fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of a 1kHz input sinewave stimulus for the MC configuration, which results in the reference voltage of 1Vrms (0dBrA) at the output. Signal harmonics are dominated by the second harmonic (2kHz) at a high -60dBrA, or 0.1%, while the third harmonic (3kHz) can be seen at -90dBrA, or 0.003%. No further signal harmonics can be seen above the -120dBrA noise floor. On the left side of the signal peak, the dominant peak is from the power supply’s primary (60Hz) frequency at -60dBrA, or 0.1%, for the left channel, while the right channel is at -80dBrA, or 0.01%. Even-order power-supply related harmonics can also be seen at -70dBrA, or 0.03%, and below, all the way out to 5-6kHz.

FFT spectrum, 50Hz - MM input

Shown above is the FFT for a 50Hz input sinewave stimulus measured at the output for the MM configuration. The X axis is zoomed in from 40Hz to 1kHz, so that peaks from noise artifacts can be directly compared against peaks from the harmonics of the signal. Signal harmonics are dominated by the second harmonic (100Hz) at a high -60dBrA, or 0.1%, while the third harmonic (150kHz) can be seen at -90dBrA, or 0.003%. No further signal harmonics can be seen above the -120dBrA noise floor. The dominant power-supply-related peak is at 120Hz at -70dBrA, or 0.03%.

FFT spectrum, 50Hz - MC input

Shown above is a fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of a 1kHz input sinewave stimulus for the MC configuration, which results in the reference voltage of 1Vrms (0dBrA) at the output. Signal harmonics are dominated by the second harmonic (100Hz) at a high -60dBrA, or 0.1%, while the third harmonic (150Hz) can be seen at -90dBrA, or 0.003%. No further signal harmonics can be seen above the -110dBrA noise floor. Power-supply-related noise is dominated by the 60Hz peak at -60dBrA, or 0.1%, for the left channel, while the right channel is at -80dBrA, or 0.01%. The 120Hz power-supply-related harmonic can also be seen at -70dBrA, or 0.03%.

Intermodulation distortion FFT (18kHz + 19kHz summed stimulus) - MM input

Above is an FFT of the IMD products for an 18kHz and 19kHz summed sinewave stimulus tone for the MM configuration. The input rms values are set so that if summed (for a mean frequency of 18.5kHz), would yield 1Vrms (Reference or 0dBRa) at the output. Here we find the second-order modulation product (i.e., the difference signal of 1kHz) at a very high -30dBrA, or 3%. We can also see the third-order modulation products (i.e., 17kHz and 20kHz) sitting at a -80dBrA, or 0.01%. This is a very poor IMD result for a phono preamplifier.

Intermodulation distortion FFT (18kHz + 19kHz summed stimulus) - MC

The last graph is an FFT of the IMD products for an 18kHz and 19kHz summed sinewave stimulus tone for the MC configuration. The input rms values are set so that if summed (for a mean frequency of 18.5kHz), would yield 1Vrms (Reference or 0dBRa) at the output. Here we find the second-order modulation product (i.e., the difference signal of 1kHz) at a very high -30dBrA, or 3%. We can also see the third-order modulation products (i.e., 17kHz and 20kHz) sitting at a -80dBrA, or 0.01%. Once again, this is a very poor IMD result for a phono preamplifier.

Diego Estan
Electronics Measurement Specialist

Details

Parent Category: Products

Category: Phono Preamplifier Measurements

Created: 01 July 2023

Link: reviewed by Jason Thorpe on SoundStage! Hi-Fi on July 1, 2023

General information

All measurements taken using an Audio Precision APx555 B Series analyzer.

The Meitner Audio DS-EQ2 was conditioned for 30 minutes at 1Vrms at the output before any measurements were taken.

The DS-EQ2 phono preamp is designed to operate with DS Audio optical cartridges, and therefore operates differently from a conventional phono preamp designed for moving-magnet (MM) or moving-coil (MC) cartridges. As per DS Audio’s technical information page, these optical cartridges are an “amplitude proportional type” transducer, as opposed to a “velocity proportional type” transducer found in record cutting heads and both MM and MC cartridges, which operate on electromagnetic induction.

In terms of measuring the DS-EQ2 phono preamp with the APx555 analyzer, certain issues needed to be overcome. For a detailed description of these issues, along with test set-up configurations, as well as an explanation of how our DS Audio inverted EQ curve was derived, please see our measurements of the DS Audio DS 003 phono preamp.

The DS-EQ2 offers one pair of unbalanced RCA inputs, and one pair of unbalanced (RCA) outputs. There is a switch on the front panel that will enable a high-pass filter. Unless otherwise stated, all measurements were taken with the high-pass filter disabled. Using these settings, to achieve the reference output voltage of 1Vrms at 1kHz at the DS-EQ2 outputs, 125mVrms was required at the output of the APx555.

Primary measurements

Our primary measurements revealed the following (unless specified, assume a 1kHz sinewave, 1Vrms output into a 100k ohms load, 10Hz to 90kHz bandwidth):

Frequency response

In our measured frequency-response (relative to 1kHz) plots above measured at the left and right outputs, the blue/red traces are with the high-pass filter (HPF) disabled, while the purple and green are with the HPF enabled. The DS Audio inverted EQ is applied to the input sweep to emulate the output of the DS Audio optical cartridge. With the DS-EQ2, we find an exceptionally flat response from 20Hz to 20kHz, with only a small bass lift of about 0.5dB at 20Hz with the HPF disabled. With the HPF enabled, we are at -3dB at 20Hz. In the graph above and some of the graphs below, we see two visible traces; the left channel (blue or purple) and the right channel (red or green). On other graphs, only one trace may be visible, this is because the left and right channels are tracking extremely closely, so as not to show a difference with the chosen axis scales.

Frequency response (absolute gain with no EQ applied)

Above is the frequency response plot in terms of absolute gain with no EQ applied. In terms of the shape of the response curve, we find as expected, roughly the mirror image of our DS Audio inverted EQ curve. Absolute gain ranges from about 4dB at 20Hz, to 18dB at 1kHz, and about 24dB at 20kHz with the HPF disabled. With the HPF enabled, we are at 0dB at 20Hz.

Phase response

Above is the phase response of the DS-EQ2, from 20Hz to 20kHz. The right channel has inverted polarity; however, this is intentional, to match the behavior of the optical cartridge, which has its polarity inversed on one channel. Since the phono preamp must implement a combination of the RIAA equalization curve and a compensation curve for the inherent behavior of the optical cartridge, phase shift at the output is inevitable. Here we find the worst deviations in the left channel between -110 degrees at 20Hz, down to about -150 degrees at 200Hz and 5kHz.

THD ratio (unweighted) vs. frequency

The chart above shows THD ratios as a function of frequency, where the input sweep is EQ’d with our DS Audio inverted EQ curve. The unbalanced output voltage is maintained at the refrence 1Vrms. THD values are relatively flat, hovering between 0.001 and 0.002%, down to as low as 0.0006% at 20kHz.

THD ratio (unweighted) vs output voltage at 1kHz

The chart above shows THD ratios as a function of output voltages at 1kHz. THD values at 100mVrms are around 0.01%, then dip as low as 0.0006% between 2 and 3Vrms, then a rise to the “knee” just above 8Vrms, then up to the 1% THD value for both inputs at 9.5Vrms. It’s important to mention that anything above 1-2Vrms is not typically required for most line-level preamps or integrated amps.

THD+N ratio (unweighted) vs output voltage at 1kHz

Above we can see a plot of THD+N ratios as a function of output voltages at 1kHz. THD+N values at 100mVrms are at 0.2%, then dip as low as 0.003% at the “knee” at 8Vrms, then a steady rise up to the 1% mark at 9.5Vrms.

THD+N ratio (A-weighted) vs output voltage at 1kHz

Above we can see a plot of THD+N ratios as a function of output voltages at 1kHz. THD+N (A-weighted) values at 100mVrms are just below 0.1%, then dip as low as 0.002% at 5Vrms to the “knee” at 8Vrms, then a steady rise up to the 1% mark at 9.5Vrms.

FFT spectrum, 1kHz

Shown above is a fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of a 1kHz input sinewave stimulus, which results in the reference voltage of 1Vrms (0dBrA). We find an exceptionally clean FFT, with only the second signal harmonic (2kHz) barely visible above the noise floor at -110dBrA, or 0.0003%. On the left side of the signal peak, the 60Hz power-supply fundamental is visible at a very low -110dBRa, or 0.0003%.

FFT spectrum, 50Hz

Shown above is the FFT for a 50Hz input sinewave stimulus measured at the left and right outputs. The X axis is zoomed in from 40Hz to 1kHz, so that peaks from noise artifacts can be directly compared against peaks from the harmonics of the signal. We find an exceptionally clean FFT, with only the second signal harmonic barely visible above the noise floor at -115dBrA, or 0.0002%. On the left side of the signal peak, the 60Hz power-supply fundamental is visible at a very low -110dBRa, or 0.0003%.

Intermodulation distortion FFT (18kHz + 19kHz summed stimulus)

The last graph is an FFT of the IMD products for an 18kHz and 19kHz summed sinewave stimulus tone at at the outputs. The input RMS values are set at -6.02dBrA so that, if summed for a mean frequency of 18.5kHz, would yield 1Vrms (0dBrA) at the output. Once again we see a squeaky clean FFT, this time, with no visible peaks above the -120dBrA noise floor at the second-order (1kHz) or third-order (17 and 20kHz) IMD locations.

Diego Estan
Electronics Measurement Specialist